Dismissal policies in the united states and europe: Employment at will versus just cause

This article presents employment termination as a question of social justice. Two main competing models for legal rules governing the dismissal of individual employees are detailed: The U.S. modified Employment at Will approach and the common European Just Cause approach. A method of moral analysis is proposed for assessing the conflicting arguments behind each model. A series of questions are identified that can serve as a research program for arriving at a normative judgment concerning the relative moral merits of the competing models.     

The survival and termination of party mergers in Europe

Why do constituent parties that participated in a party merger that was intended to be permanent decide to leave the merger to re‐enter party competition separately? To address this question, merger termination is conceptualised in this article as an instance of new party formation, coalition termination and institutionalisation failure. Building on this conceptualisation, three sets of factors are presented that account for which mergers are likely to be terminated by constituent parties and which are not. To test these three sets of hypotheses, a mixed‐methods design is used. First, survival analysis is applied to a new dataset on the performance of mergers in 21 European democracies during the postwar period. The findings support hypotheses derived from a conception of merger termination as new party formation: pre‐ and post‐merger legislative performance significantly affect the probability of merger termination. Furthermore, the institutionalisation of constituent parties helps to sustain mergers if the latter already built trust in pre‐merger cooperation, in line with the conception of merger termination as institutionalisation failure. Two theory‐confirming case studies are then analysed: one case of merger survival and the other of termination. These case studies substantiate the working of the significant variables identified in the large‐N analysis that drove the selection of case studies. They also reveal how mediating factors difficult to capture in large‐N designs help to account for why factors that – theoretically – should have complicated the working of the ‘survival case’, and should have been beneficial to the ‘termination case’, did not generate the expected effects.     

著作权合同中作者权益保护的规则取舍与续造

著作权合同规则和集体协商所需中介组织的双重缺失,导致我国作者在著作权合同领域面临诸多不公平待遇时处于无法可依的境地。比较法上作者权益保护的制度安排,又因不同国家相关产业力量对比差异而有不同路径。在缺乏本土基本规则支撑的情况下,更符合我国产业特点的解决路径,一方面是根据比较法经验来重新校准作者权益的保护范畴,避免以事后规则直接保障作者收益,通过事前规则增助作者的自治能力;另一方面是运用法教义学的方法从著作权法合同章和民法典合同编两个领域完成对作者权益保护的解释学续造。应将著作权法合同章中规定的许可或转让的权利种类作为合同成立的“必要之点”,要求合同条款明确列举每项权利的使用范围、目的、期限和版税标准。应在区分无偿和有偿的著作权专有许可合同的基础上,类推适用民法典合同编中合同终止的一般规则和相关有名合同终止权来完成对作者利益保护规则的续造。     

论合同解除制度的进一步完善

合同解除制度主要是通过赋予守约一方的单方解除权来保障合同目的能够尽量快速地实现,从而保障整个市场经济的高效与活力,避免合同义务由于被违约方长期拖延履行导致设定的合同目的难以实现,进而导致整个经济活动运行受到消极影响。但合同解除制度存在有明显的逻辑缺陷,基于该缺陷的单方行为给合同相对方以及相关的司法实践带来了很大的困扰。主要表现是部分合同主体滥用合同的解除制度,随意解除合同关系,从而导致合同相对方陷入损失困境并且由此形成一系列的程序对抗。所以,应当对合同解除制度进行必要的完善。     

BURDEN OF PROOF BEGONE

This article examines the tendency of emergency child removal decisions—by social workers, police officers, and judges—to become self-reinforcing and self-perpetuating in subsequent child protective proceedings. This "snow-ball effect," as one court has referred to it, is widely acknowledged by lawyers who practice in juvenile court yet is largely unknown beyond those circles. The article explores the causes and consequences of this phenomenon in the age of ASFA (the 1997 federal Adoption and Safe Families Act), which converts every day that a child spends in foster care into one more tick of the clock in a countdown toward termination of parental rights. This article provides some background on the law and practice of emergency child removal in the United States today, analyzes the factors that make initial removals outcome determinative in many child protection cases, considers the implications of this phenomenon in light of ASFA, and identifies possible solutions.     

我国消费者冷静期制度的构建

冷静期制度赋予消费者单方面撤销交易的权利,在直销、不动产、大件商品等交易过程中,能够有效地遏制经营者夸大宣传、造势促销等行为,充分的保护消费者的权益。我国消费者权益保护法在修订过程中,应适时建立我国的消费者冷静期制度,确立消费者单方交易撤回权,在权利行使的期限、适用范围、权利限制等方面做出具体的规定,为消费者权益提供更加有效的法律保障。     

经济补偿金制度的变化与适用

<劳动合同法>及其实施条例对我国<劳动法>体制下的经济补偿金制度进行了一定程度的改造.针对制度前后的变化,需要用人单位人力资源管理人员和劳动者能够清晰地把握经济补偿金的适用.     

“Survival Mode”: Rebel Resilience and the Lord’s Resistance Army

ABSTRACT

To date, scholarly work on armed groups has seldom considered the notion of rebel resilience, or the factors that enable these groups to survive despite time, military pressure, and the myriad contingent events of civil war. In an effort to develop an explanatory framework for resilience as a distinct outcome of civil war and rebellion, this article examines the conditions under which the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) has persisted for nearly three decades. Based on fieldwork and original research, the article explains the LRA’s resilience in light of the group’s organizational structure and resource self-sufficiency, which have been well suited for the borderlands of East and Central Africa. The LRA is a key case of rebel resilience. It is important because it sheds light on the organizational foundations of armed groups, the relationship between resources and rebellion, and the broader study of conflict duration and termination. Understanding the sources of the LRA’s resilience can inform efforts to end such insurgencies.     

论信访核查终结机制的优化

设立信访核查终结机制,有利于引导正常合法上访,有利于树立法律权威,有利于推动矛盾化解。针对目前信访核查终结实践中存在的问题,建议从规范听证程序、推行信访终结说明理由制度、由独立第三方组织听证会、建立终结后若干制度等方面优化信访核查终结机制。     

浅谈劳动合同解除和终止后的相关问题

劳动合同解除和终止后的法律保护问题，是多年来一直备受劳动者关注的。文章借助《劳动法》的基本理论，通过《劳动合同法》规定了对弱势群体的特殊保护及劳动合同终止方面的保护条件，同时还介绍了劳动合同依法解除和终止后用人单位给劳动者经济补偿的条件及计算方法。