贪污贿赂案件翻供翻证的侦查对策

近年来,翻供翻证现象有着愈演愈烈之势,已成为当前查办贪污贿赂案件的一个不容忽视的难题.为了从源头、根本上防止犯罪嫌疑人、证人翻供翻证,在侦查阶段就应加强防范意识,采取有效对策,这对确保整个刑事诉讼的顺利进行具有重大意义.本文在对贪污贿赂案件翻供翻证的表现形式、发生阶段、成因和特点进行分析的基础上,提出了一些浅见.     

"诱惑"的魅力与毒刺——从证据法角度浅析诱惑侦查

诱惑侦查作为一种实效性极强的侦查方式日益受到侦查实践部门的青睐。诱惑侦查带有一定程度的欺骗性,与刑事追诉中的基本价值追求相矛盾,备受争议。各国在放松对诱惑侦查禁止性规定的同时,又严格加以限制,力图充分利用这一可能严重侵害公民合法权益的侦查手段,平衡价值上的冲突。诱惑侦查所获证据之效力应坚持有限可采性,侦查人员实施的犯罪行为之刑事责任的证据应坚持有限豁免性。     

"相对合理"的卷宗中心主义改革

刑事案件卷宗 ,是刑事诉讼赖以运作的基石。但对卷宗过度信任、依赖的卷宗中心主义 ,则对案件事实发现与人权保障造成危害 ,须予以清除。有关改革举措 ,应以相对合理主义为指导 ,走渐进的改革之路。     

证人出庭作证问题研究

证人出庭作证是保证司法公正的基本措施。针对我国司法实践中普通存在的证人拒绝出庭作证的现象 ,有必要从转变司法观念 ,建立强制证人出庭作证制度 ,完善证人保护制度 ,贯彻直接言词原则 ,建立证人特权制度等方面 ,有效解决证人出庭作证的问题。     

论证言的形成过程与我国证人条件的重构

证言的形成过程经历感知、记忆和表达阶段 ,证人必须具备感知、记忆和表达能力。我国现行刑诉法规定的证人条件悖离了证言的形成过程 ,存在若干缺陷 ,因此主张对我国证人条件的法律规定进行重新设计     

论法医临床鉴定中被鉴定人的知情同意权

临床医学中的知情同意权是医学实践中由基本伦理上升为受法律保障的患者权利,通过告知同意书的契约形式表达。法医临床鉴定中的被鉴定人与医疗体系中的患者具有类似的法律地位,但尚无相应的法律法规赋予被鉴定人知情同意权。笔者建议法医临床学鉴定中可赋予被鉴定人一定的知情同意权,在与鉴定机构的契约化关系下,参与鉴定过程,知悉必要的鉴定信息,并对鉴定意见有选择性同意权,从而实现司法鉴定程序的公平、正义。     

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Evaluation of Suspect Testimony: Palynological Scanning

A rapid method for evaluating suspect testimony is valuable at any stage in an inquiry and can result in a change of direction in an investigation. Rape cases, in particular, can present problems where a defendant renders DNA analysis redundant by claiming that the claimant consented to have sexual relations. Forensic palynology is valuable in confirming or eliminating locations as being crime scenes, thus checking the testimony of both parties. In contrast to some forensic disciplines, forensic palynology can provide critical information without time-consuming full analysis. Two cases are described where the palynological assemblages from comparator samples of pertinent places were compared with those obtained from clothing of claimants and defendants. The results of rapid microscopical scanning of relevant preparations led to early confessions, thus obviating the need for costly analyses and protracted court proceedings. A third case demonstrates the unbiased nature of this technique where a man, although innocent of any offense, lied about having visited the crime scene for fear of prosecution. This highlights the need for sensitive policing in claims of rape.     

The Impact of Daubert on the Admissibility of Forensic Anthropology Expert Testimony

Forensic anthropologists anticipated a significant impact from the 1993 Supreme Court Daubert decision, which addressed the standard of admissibility for expert testimony. In response, many forensic articles cited Daubert in the search for objective techniques or a critique of established subjective methods. This study examines challenges to forensic anthropological expert testimony to evaluate whether Daubert has actually affected the admissibility of such testimony. Thirty cases were identified that addressed the admissibility of the testimony, including 14 cases prior to Daubert and 16 after Daubert. Examination of these cases indicates that post‐Daubert cases do not result in more exclusions. Yet, this lack of exclusions may instead be viewed as a manifestation of the field's overall surge toward more objective and quantifiable techniques in a self‐regulating response to Daubert.     

河南省刑事案件司法精神病学鉴定案例的随访研究

目的研究司法精神病学鉴定后各方对结论及处理的看法及社会影响等随访因素。方法作者通过通信函调、电话随访和登门拜访等三种方法,用自编调查表对208例鉴定案例分别向委托机关、被鉴定人本人或家属、受害人本人或家属进行随访。结果被鉴定人受教育年限平均为4.84年,以30岁左右已婚男性农民居多。暴力犯罪(129例占83.77%)远较非暴力犯罪(25例占16.23%)为多,前者又尤以杀人(44例占28.57%)为最常见。本资料再鉴定率为2.93%。被鉴定人及其家属对34例无责任能力的处理意见认为恰当的占76.47%,对判为无罪释放的28例,认为处理恰当的占71.43%,认为不恰当的占10.7%。对就医者几乎全都满意,对判刑或关押的认为恰当与不恰当者各占43.18%。受害人目前现状为死亡7例,残废10例,恢复健康10例。被鉴定人及其家属的意见与司法机关认为案件引起的社会影响似乎无关。被司法机关无罪释放的41例(26.62%)被鉴定人中,再杀人2例(4.87%),放火2例(4.87%),盗窃2例(4.87%),回归社会后有破坏行为但尚未构成犯罪者3例(7.31%)。结论建议政府有关部门尽快建立违法犯罪精神病人的监管和医疗机构。