Spleen and portal lymphnode pathology in fatal drug addiction

Spleen and portal lymphnode sections from 86 drug addicts submitted for medico-legal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen in the year 1979 were studied together with tissue sections from 24 "normal" persons. In 70% of the drug addicts the spleen weight was more than 200 g, and in 71% portal lymphnode hyperplasia was found. Birefringent foreign material was found in spleen tissue of drug addicts in 72% and in portal lymphnode tissue in 44%. Signs of antigen stimulation in both spleen and portal lymphnode tissue evaluated by the number of germinal centre and plasma cells were found in more than 80% of the drug addicts compared with about 20% of the "normal" persons. The results were related to anamnestic information of duration of drug abuse, to the spleen weight, to the occurrence of birefringent material and to the liver changes. Examination of lysozyme and immunoglobulin containing cells using the indirect preoxidase technique was performed in a total of 72 cases of spleen tissue, 59 cases of portal lymphnode tissue from drug addicts, 24 cases of spleen tissue and 18 of portal lymphnode tissue from "normal" persons. Lysozyme, IgM and IgG containing cells were found significantly more often among drug addicts than "normal" persons. The results indicate that the splenomegalia and the portal lymphnode hyperplasia often found in drug addicts are caused by continuous antigen stimulation due to repeated injections of various antigens.     

以共享促共生:疫情冲击下全球治理转型的中国推进

新冠肺炎疫情作为当今世界面临的最严峻的全球性问题,其应对最有效的路径仍是全球治理。危机之下人类社会的存续需要超越私利实现国家间共生。相对于西方传统的全球治理理念,中国方案基于对疫情下全球化时代的共生性判读,明确了推动构建命运共同体的共生型全球治理目标,推动全球治理转型从消极共生向积极共生实现结构优化。然而,依靠共生自身升级的滞缓性与现实需求的迫切性之间存在矛盾,"共生"在资源分配、认同建构以及合作实现等方面并不具备必然性,无法为现实问题的解决提供普遍化的标杆与规范,需要借助"共享"的理念工具进行有效助推。具体来说,就是以共生关系的主体性、共生纽带以及共生底线为出发,从资源配置的优化、主体认同的强化以及和谐包容的价值引领三方面着手,将共享理念融入到人类命运共同体的建构中,并通过中国对全球治理转型的过程参与,有效实现共享从理念引领到现实助推的功能转换,为新型的共生型全球治理模式的良性运作提供助力。     

DNA指纹的个体特异性和细胞稳定性研究

人类基因组的许多高度可变区域能够与小卫星探针杂交,而同时被检测出来,小卫星探针由串联重复的"核心"顺序构成.采用Southern印迹杂交获得的DNA指纹图包含多条高度可变的DNA片段杂交带,这些带主体细胞和生殖细胞中都表现出稳定性,而且安全具有个体特异性.本文用小卫星探针33.15,调查了北京地区的60名无关个体,     

Economics and Law of Works of Art in the Single European Market

This paper is concerned with the economic analysis of the European rules on the circulation of works of art. After reviewing the relevant literature, an economic framework of the international circulation of works of art is provided (social goals, efficiency and distributive aspects, an economic rationale for a general free trade rule integrated by selective protectionism). Using this framework the European system of circulation of works of art—resulting from the combination of the Maastricht Treaty with Regulation 3911/92 and Directive 93/7—is analysed. The main results of the analysis are: 1) the general free trade principle ruling the Single European Market is strongly limited by rules protecting national artistic heritages of member states; 2) this protectionism—working towards countries both outside and inside the European Union—is applied according to the national laws of each member state, while, contrary to what the Maastricht Treaty would call for, an artistic heritage of European significance is not defined and no autonomous role is recognized in this field to European Institutions; 3) this system shows some inconsistencies with economic theory, as strict limits to trade are not provided when they should be required by the preservation of the physical or artistic integrity of works of art, while in other cases an unduly restrained trade may derive from highly protectionist national laws and export-licencing policies of member states. Enforcement provisions are also analysed and some proposals to improve the system are advanced.     

Jurisprudential Dilemmas of European Law

Making a first sketch of philosophical issues arising fromEuropean Community law I want to present a series ofmore or less obvious, and more or less interrelated dilemmas,or even double binds.(i) Deepening the community becomes incompatible withwidening membership. (ii) National states seem bothnecessary for and obstructive in articulating transnationalproblems. (iii) The more democracy is needed as a warrantfor the public exercise of political power in Europe, themore the very concept of democracy on a European scaleevades understanding. (iv) European unity presupposes aunifying rule of law, while member states have radicallydifferent conceptions of this principle. (v) Even the verycore of European integration, the common market, is subjectto two conflicting and, indeed, incompatible doctrines ofcompetition. In explaining the nature of each dilemma I willtry to take my cue from the Maastricht Treaty wherever thisseems suitable. Then I will elaborate on the jurisprudentialproblems involved in it. Finally, each section will be closedby an attempt to state the nature of these problems inphilosophical terms.     

经济学的千年论战--论国家主义和自由主义

从古到今世界各国都有两种经济观和两种经济方略:一是主张国家干预经济,是为国家主义;二是主张国家不干预经济,是为自由主义。两种经济方略各有千秋,适用于不同条件。千百年来一直存在国家主义与自由主义的争论。18至19世纪的200年间,自由主义占上风。19世纪末,德国开国家主义之先河。20世纪20至60年代,国家主义盛行了50年;从70年代开始,自由主义东山再起,号称新自由主义。进入21世纪,新自由主义连遭挫折,国家主义有所抬头。两种经济观趋同,百年争论暂告一段落。     

经济人的新解释与经济学的新发展

经济人假设是传统经济学理论大厦的基石。现代经济学前沿分支学科对经典经济人有三个不同方向的新解释 :一是对经典经济人的修修补补 ,使经济人更加贴近现实 ;二是坚持经典经济人 ,并进一步发展经济人的理性 ;三是抛弃经典经济人 ,研究理性和非理性行为结合的现实人。在对经济人新的不同解释的基础上 ,经济学与相关学科进一步融合 ,在学科交叉的边缘产生一系列新的经济学分支学科。     

毛泽东农业合作化思想探析

“农民、农村、农业”问题一直是我党在社会主义革命和建设中致力于解决的重大问题之一。在探索中国农业发展进程的过程中,毛泽东形成了他的农业合作化思想。分析研究毛泽东的农业合作化思想,不仅有助于我们更准确地理解毛泽东思想的历史发展过程,而且对于当代全面建设小康社会,建设有中国特色社会主义新农村具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

论邓小平党政关系思想及其发展——纪念邓小平诞辰100周年

邓小平党政关系思想是建立在对政党政治和以党治国的深刻体会和把握的基础上的.邓小平早在抗日战争时期就率先提出反对以党治国和正确处理党政关系的重要思想.建国后,邓小平针对因种种复杂的历史原因,以党治国的作风在党内逐渐盛行起来,逐步形成党的"一元化"领导体制的现象,对如何正确处理党政关系,进行了长时间的深入思考,提出了一系列重要思想.今天,我们正在改革和完善党的领导方式和执政方式,即用新型的党政关系逐步取代传统的党政关系,实现党政关系合理化,进一步丰富和发展邓小平关于党政关系的思想.     

论科学发展观的理论基础和现实依据

马克思主义的社会发展观是科学发展观的前提和基础 ,科学发展观是马克思主义发展观在社会主义新阶段的具体体现。邓小平关于共同富裕的思想 ,江泽民关于保持区域经济协调、健康发展 ,促进社会全面进步的思想 ,是科学发展观的实质内涵 ,传承着马克思主义发展观的内在灵魂和精髓。深刻理解科学发展观的理论渊源和现实依据 ,有助于我们在实践中进一步树立和落实全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观