Editor's Note

Most scholars explain political interactions within OPEC countries with reference to clusters of economic and political variables. In this paper, we use dyadic interaction data to describe the frequency and affective orientation between OPEC pairs. Explanations for the prominent trends within the four time periods are offered. The analysis suggests that no combination of political or economic factors explain consistently the coalitions and cleavages within OPEC between 1959 and 1974.     

论第三代中央领导集体反腐政治体系的构建——党的权力运行秩序视阈下的解读

基于社会主义市场经济的不成熟、不完善,从而滋生大量诱发腐败的劣变生态因子的情况,第三代中央领导集体在继承我党廉政建设有益经验的基础上,积极探索构建反腐政治体系。在政党文化层面,积极推进观念化意识形态的创新,为有效有序运行党的权力提供科学而恒定的价值方向和准则规范;在内政治社会化层面,强化对领导干部的政党文化内化教育;在政治制度层面突出准则和规范的实施以及源头防治功能,推进制度反腐新路径;在政治关系层面坚持"以法为轨"的准则,推动新形势下党的权力运行民主化和善治化;在政治行为层面加强对反腐工作规律的认识和继续实行群众参与制度化建设。     

我国发展独立第三方公共政策评估机构论析

发展独立第曼方政策评估机构是对公共政策公平与效率两大价值追求的必然要求。相比国外而青,当前我困独立笫三方政策评估机构的发展尚不健全,究其原因主要受限于内外两方面因素制约,文章对如何促进我国独立第三方政策评估机构发展展开研究。     

Probabilistic Classification of Age by Third Molar Development: The Use of Soft Evidence

Abstract: This study introduces a method to classify individuals according to an age threshold, given sex and third molars’ dental maturity measured on the Demirjian scale by expressing uncertainty on dental evidence (soft evidence). We introduced a procedure to learn the parameters of the Naïve Bayes model, and we discussed two classification rules. The model was estimated and tested on 559 Italians aged 16–22. Two experts provided the dental evaluations, and the model was estimated for each of them. We evaluated the coherence of the evidence provided by the experts. Some indexes have been proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the models, emphasizing how the experts’ ability and the technology affect the results. We introduced two benchmarks, one based on the sample distribution per sex and age: in this case, probability of correct classification increases 22% and the proportion of false adults impressively decreases 80.2%; the other benchmark, obtained by simulating hard evidence, shows how the use of soft evidence increases the proportion of correct classification 3.1% and decreases the crucial proportion of false adults about 20%. Similarly, the proportion of false minors decreases about 5.3%.     

A Genealogy of Radical Islam

A genealogy of the radical ideas that underline al-Qaeda"s justification for violence shows that the development of jihadi thought over the past several decades is characterized by the erosion of critical constraints used to limit warfare and violence in classical Islam. This erosion is illustrated by the evolution of jihadi arguments related to apostasy and waging jihad at home, global jihad, civilian targeting, and suicide bombings.     

既判力主观范围扩张的域外样本与中国路径

既判力是大陆法系国家及地区民事诉讼立法和理论的基本概念。现代社会经济关系的日益复杂对既判力主观范围的扩张提出了要求,对此,我国立法及理论却鲜有涉及。立法的空白、与诉讼法内部理论体系的不契合以及与实体法理论体系的衔接不当,导致了其在实际适用中的混乱。德、日、我国台湾地区均以立法的形式明确了既判力主观范围的扩张,学说对其类型化的分析也相当成熟。我们应当以大陆法系国家及地区的域外样本为参照,构建既判力主观范围扩张的中国图景。     

合作型信任:政府与第三部门合作关系的基础

进入21世纪后,随着社会事务的复杂化,政府与第三部门之间形成了密切的合作关系,通过相互合作来进行社会管理。合作是以信任为基础的,政府与第三部门合作也应以合作型信任为基础。合作型信任与契约型信任、习俗型信任相比更有利于政府与第三部门的合作。为此,通过建立公共承诺机制,构建平等的对话机制,完善制度体系以及培育相互信任的社会文化来构建合作型信任。     

合同解释中的司法能动与克制

法官对合同的解释无法脱离其能动性,而主观性的解释须以客观性为目的。当法官在合同解释出现障碍时应恪守两个标准：理性第三人标准和社会公共利益标准。同时,必须对法官的能动性予以下列限制：法官在适用理性第三人标准时,应尽量避免以所谓的＂理性第三人＂之名而作出偏离缔约人真意的解释;法官在合同解释中的自由裁量权要受合同解释规则、合同文本内容、法官职业共同体之规则、公平、正义、诚信等基本原则的限制。     

论重构我国的无独立请求权第三人制度

我国无独立请求权第三人制度存在违背程序正义、违反处分原则和不告不理原则等缺陷。为弥补这些缺陷,应将无独立请求权第三人分解为被告型第三人和辅助型第三人。     

论利他合同中第三人的权利

无论是大陆法系还是英美法系,利他合同中第三人权利都得到了较好的保护。但是我国迄今没有利他合同的一般规则,对第三人权利的保护远远不够。我国应借鉴发达国家对利他合同的研究成果,完善我国利他合同制度理论并进行立法改进,以期加强保护第三人之权利。