“土流并治”:土司制度推行中的常态

土司制度是元、明、清三代在我国西南地区普遍推行的行政管理制度。其基本内涵是用当地的各少数民族首领,充任各级、各类土官,如土司、土职、土弁等。在土司制度执行的过程中,朝廷又多次执行"改土归流",以至于此前有的学者将土官与流官视为截然两分的行政机构,甚至将土司视为游离于朝廷之外的"化外"酋邦。然而,仔细排比元、明、清三代史志的相关资料后却不难发现,即令是在执行土司制度的地区,朝廷任命的流官始终在土司衙门中任职。土司被"改土归流"后,其后裔还可以在当地充任各级土职,与流官一道治理当地各少数民族,有的土司甚至还能以土司的身份因功受奖,未经科举考试而直接充任高级流官。这些事实的客观存在足以表明,土司与流官之间并不存在不可逾越的鸿沟,他们都是朝廷职官制度中的两个有机构成部分。其间不仅可以并存,还可以互换,而且还能够相互制衡、互为补充,因而"土流并治"理当是土司制度推行中的常态。     

Listening to melancholia: Alice Walker's Meridian

ABSTRACT

Alice Walker's second novel, Meridian (1976), explores both the ways in which racist societies initiate and exacerbate melancholia and how this psychological dynamic can and must be overcome. The novel posits not a simple ‘cure’ but rather a process of questioning and learning from the past and one's painful attachments to it. In this way it negotiates scholarly concerns about psychoanalytic theory, as manifest particularly in literary criticism and critical race studies. Far from normalizing a form of identity focused on the past, this experimental novel depicts psychological transformation as an effort that requires the willingness to untangle the relationships involved in one's present, one's past and broader systems of social injustice.     

从凤凰山汉简看西汉地方财政税收

凤凰山汉简是研究西汉赋税的重要资料。与以往对此研究焦点多集中在赋税额度上不同,本文则从地方财政角度重新审视这批简牍,以口钱为切入点,认为凤凰山汉简所载的口钱条目并不是向未成年人征收的人头税,也不是简单意义上向成年人征收的人头税,而是与简牍上其它条目一样,是地方财政的一部分,用来供给地方行政长官的公务费用。     

隋代的民间信仰——以巫觋的活动为中心

通过以巫觋的活动为中心的考察可以发现,在隋代民众的信仰生活中,除了佛教道教之外,对巫觋和巫术的崇拜也占有重要的地位。隋时巫觋处于国家职官体系内,参与国家祭祀与医疗活动。在民间的巫觋则以鬼神代言人的身份活跃,掌控着民众鬼神信仰,并凭借通神视鬼之能主持各种巫术活动,行使医疗的职能,深得民众信赖。     

应用RNA分析技术推断现场血痕形成时间

目的检测血痕中β-actin mRNA和18S rRNA在人体死后8～15d期间的表达残留,为推断血痕形成时间寻找新的客观依据。方法在上述时段内每天抽提血痕总RNA,利用实时定量RT-PCR技术监测18S rRNA和β-actin mRNA的扩增状况并对产物进行定量分析,通过检测18S rRNA与β-actin mRNA含量在各个时间点的变化趋势来推测血痕形成时间。结果死后8～15 d时段内18S rRNA与β-actinmRNA量的比值呈明显升高趋势,显示出两种不同类型RNA降解的时间差异性。结论一定时段内18SrRNA与β-actin mRNA量的相对变化,可作为推测血痕形成时间的参考指标。     

人心似铁与官法如炉:“无文”视域下的清代司法审判

清代司法审判的性质和裁判依据一直以来是一个重要的问题,从中可以挖掘传统法律文化的精髓来指导今天的司法实践。把清代的司法审判还原到清代的社会现实来进行实证研究,应该从以下两个维度思考:其一,以普通人对法律的认知及司法诉求来探讨其对清代司法审判的影响;其二,以断案官员自身的理念和对普通人的思维模式及行为方式的了解为前提,并且在背景依赖的制约下来探讨官员对清代司法审判结果的影响。清代司法审判的性质和官员的断案基准是在二者的紧张关系中展现的。     

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes Perforates Hair of Adult Corpses in the Gaseous Period*

Abstract: Despite the substantial literature on mycology, there are still limited reports of the interaction between fungi and human hosts in the postmortem period. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro perforation test using Trichophyton mentagrophytes on hair from adult corpses in the postmortem period (gaseous period). The protocol was carried out with positive (prepubescent children’s hair) and negative controls (healthy adult hair) as well. One strain of Trichophyton rubrum was also used as a negative perforation control. Perforations were found in all the hair samples from corpses and prepubescent children after 12–14 days exposure to T. mentagrophytes and were absent in the hair samples of healthy adults. Furthermore, hair perforation was not observed with T. rubrum. Our preliminary findings suggest the use of T. mentagrophytes as a potential marker of the death interval in forensic science.     

The Persistence of Sperm and the Development of Time Since Intercourse (TSI) Guidelines in Sexual Assault Cases at Forensic Science Ireland,Dublin, Ireland

The persistence of sperm using confirmatory microscopic analysis, the persistence of sperm with tails, time since intercourse (TSI) analysis, and results from the acid phosphatase (AP) reaction from approximately 5581 swabs taken from circa 1450 sexual assault cases are presented. The observed proportions of sperm in the vagina and anus declines significantly after 48 h TSI, and sperm on oral swabs were observed up to 15 h TSI. The AP reaction as a predictor of sperm on intimate swabs is questioned. All AP reaction times gave a low true positive rate; 23% of sperm‐positive swabs gave a negative AP reaction time. We show the AP reaction is an unsafe and an unreliable predictor of sperm on intimate swabs. We propose that TSI not AP informs precase assessment and the evaluative approach for sexual assault cases. To help inform an evaluative approach, TSI guidelines are presented.     

浅析明清时期闽人人赣的原因及影响--以赣南地区为例

明清时期是我国移民活动较为频繁的一个时期,也是闽人大量入赣的高发期。闽人入赣现象的出现是由人地矛盾、战争影响、自然灾害、政府政策等因素综合作用造成的。这一方面促使了赣南山区经济结构的变化,人们生态意识的增强和对客家文化的巩固、充实;另一方面造成赣南山区生态环境日益恶化。     

辅音的声学特征在声纹鉴定中的应用研究

针对汉语普通话辅音的声学特征进行个体特性的声学研究,提取能量集中区、过渡音征、送气辅音的嗓音起始时间值等三种特征参数,以最终确定它们能否作为稳定的个体特征参数在声纹鉴定中应用。