限定刑事责任能力评定量表扩展应用的信效度

目的探讨限定刑事责任能力评定量表在责任能力评定中的扩展运用价值。方法采用DCRRS（内容包括现实作案动机,先兆,诱因,时间、地点、对象、工具选择,作案时情绪反应,作案后各种行为表现,生活自理能力、工作学习能力、自知力、现实检验能力损害和自我控制能力等）对108例符合要求的患者进行评定并与专家鉴定结果进行比较。结果DCRRS各条目间及其与总量表分间的相关均具有统计学意义（r=0.145～0.944,P〈0.001）,分半信度为0.868。根据DCRRS参考划界分分组,无、限定和完全责任能力3组间及两两间量表总分均具有显著统计学差异（P〈0.001）。DCRRS与专家鉴定结果一致性较高（Kappa=0.958,P〈0.001）,经判别方程回代具有较高的正确率（97.2%）。结论DCRRS的信效度良好,可作为辅助参考使用。     

超期羁押问题的思考及对策

超期羁押是当前困扰我国司法实践的一大问题,司法制度的不完善是造成超期羁押的主要原因。文章从司法体制和实践方面对超期羁押问题提出了解决对策。     

Visualization of Aged Fingerprints with an Ultraviolet Laser

Detection of aged fingerprints is difficult because they can degrade over time with exposure to light, moisture, and temperature. In this study, aging fingerprints were visualized by time‐resolved spectroscopy with an ultraviolet‐pulsed laser. Fingerprints were prepared on glass slides and paper and then stored under three lighting conditions and two humidity conditions for up to a year. The fluorescence intensities of the fingerprints decreased with time. Samples were stored in the dark degraded less than in sunlight or under a fluorescent lamp. Samples were stored under low humidity degraded less than under moderate humidity. As the storage period increased, a fluorescence emission peak appeared that was at a longer wavelength than the peak visible in earlier spectra. This peak was used for visualization of an aged fingerprint over time. An image of the fingerprint was not initially visible, but an image appeared as the time since deposition of the fingerprint increased.     

燃煤污染型氟中毒病区儿童智力调查及法医学意义

目的探讨燃煤污染型氟中毒病区8～12岁儿童智力水平及其与染氟量之间的关系,为慢性氟中毒致中枢神经损伤的相关研究提供人群数据资料,为氟病区人群智力残疾鉴定提供修正参考值。方法采用《中国修订韦氏学龄期儿童智力量表(WISC-CR)》测试99名8～12岁小学生(包括氟斑牙组55人,对照组44人)的智力水平,比较氟斑牙组与对照组儿童智力水平差异,并对染氟儿童智力水平与染氟量之间的相关性进行分析。结果氟斑牙组的言语智商(85.64±16.53)、操作智商(94.87±12.73)、总智商(88.51±12.77)均低于对照组(言语智商94.34±16.04、操作智商99.23±12.44、总智商96.64±11.70),其中,两组的言语智商和总智商差异有统计学意义(P=0.002,P=0.01)。氟斑牙组与对照组的言语智商中各项分测验均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。操作智商中各项分测验除积木测验和译码检测外,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论燃煤污染型氟中毒儿童可出现智力损害,对言语智力的损伤较为明显;对患儿进行智力残疾鉴定时,应考虑修正智力评测的结果。     

死亡人体胸肌组织中rRNA亚基的稳定性评价

目的观察尸体胸大肌组织中rRNA各亚基表达水平的死后稳定性,探讨其在死亡时间推断中应用的价值。方法选取6例（3例成人、3例婴幼儿）外界温、湿度环境基本一致、死亡时间基本一致（24h以内）的个体,提取左侧胸大肌组织,在PBS缓冲液中低温冻存,分别在尸检即刻、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10d提取微量组织保存于RNA固定液中,通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测rRNA 5srRNA、5.8srRNA、18srRNA、28srRNA亚基的表达水平。并分析年龄、死因对rRNA亚基表达水平的影响。结果死后各时间点rRNA各亚基的表达随死后经过时间延长无显著性降解,Ct值变化与死后经过时间无相关性（P值均大于0.05）,其中5s rRNA在18.503±2.655~20.937±2.340之间,5.8s rRNA在17.687±3.011~20.617±2.204之间,18s rRNA在16.457±3.920~22.330±2.571之间,28s rRNA在15.077±6.051~22.207±2.685之间。结论人体胸肌组织中rRNA各亚基稳定性好,其各亚基的表达量与死因、年龄无关,适于作为晚期死亡的推断的内参基因。     

How reliable are eyewitness memories? Effects of retention interval,violence of act,and gender stereotypes on observers' judgments of their own memory regarding witnessed act and perpetrator

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of (i) stimulus person's gender, (ii) type of act (neutral or violent), and (iii) retention interval (short or long) on observers' memory of a stimulus person. Participants were presented with one of two acts: neutral (walking around in a store) or violent (robbing a store). The retention interval was 10 minutes or one–three weeks. The dependent variables were questionnaire items concerning the participants' memory of (1) the stimulus person's appearance and (2) the event, and (3) rating scales where the participants were asked to evaluate the stimulus person's aggressiveness, insensitivity, and other personality traits as well as characteristics of the act. Results showed that when the act was violent, and a long retention interval was used, a female, but not a male, stimulus person was evaluated less harshly than with a short retention interval (enhancement of gender stereotype); a stimulus person was seen as behaving in a more masculine way when performing a violent rather than a neutral act; witnessing the violent act resulted in better self-rated memory of the stimulus person; and with increasing retention interval, the violent act was seen as less negative and the neutral act as more negative (regression toward the mean).     

The Time Path of Legislative Party Switching and the Dynamics of Political Competition: The Italian Case (1996–2011)

Political competition is more realistically described as a dynamic process rather than as a series of static stages in which parties compete over policy and government formation. This paper focuses on legislative party switching as the main manifestation of this endogenously evolving process, linking individual switching behaviour to policy and office incentives that are assumed to evolve throughout the life of the entire legislature. Using a new data set tracking the timing of MPs’ changes in party affiliations between 1996 and 2011 in Italy, it is found that switching is mainly motivated by policy reasons and that it is more likely during government formation periods and budget negotiations. These results are a consequence of the interplay between MPs’ ambition and the alternation of key phases in the legislative cycle.     

Comparing trends in infanticides in 28 countries, 1960–2009

The term ‘infanticide’ refers to the homicide of a child younger than one year old. In this article, we describe infanticide trends in 28 industrialized countries between 1960 and 2009. The analysis is based on the cause of death data from the WHO Mortality Database and national materials. The purpose is to compare those trends in all these 28 countries not to compare countries per se. Cause of death statistics are based on ICD classification. During the review period, ICD classification changed three times. In addition to describing infanticide trends, we will analyse the impact of those changes on statistical infanticide levels, to be sure that changes in trends could be seen as real, not statistical artefacts. According to our analysis, the change from ICD-7 to ICD-9 in 1968–1970 seems to have had some impact on registered infanticide mortality levels in three of the studied countries. In other countries, the changes did not have any general impact on registered infanticide levels. During the period, infanticide rates decreased in almost all European countries, and increased or were stable in most non-European industrialized countries. Even in Europe, there were significant differences in the decreasing trend between countries. We also found some structural variation behind the trend figures, which raised the question of whether the aggregated infanticide levels really describe an identical phenomenon in different countries.     

论声纹鉴定意见的表述形式

本文针对目前国内外讨论比较热烈的声纹鉴定意见表述问题进行了评述.首先介绍了实践中正在使用的听觉分析法、声谱比对分析法、声学分析法、听觉-声学分析法和说话人自动识别五种鉴定方法,指出了各种方法的优缺点;然后对现存的二元判决、可能性等级、似然比和英国立场声明四种鉴定意见表述形式进行了介绍和评析,通过分析发现,上述四种意见表述形式都存在一定的问题,实践中选择何种形式表述鉴定意见要综合考虑其科学性、逻辑性、现实性和可行性等多种价值选项;最后认为解决该问题的根本方法是各相关领域的专家应加强在鉴定方法上的合作性的基础研究.     

Dépendance et luttes politiques au Kenya, 1975–1977: Ia bourgeoisie nationale à l'assaut du pouvoir d'État

Rural West Africans confront a challenging array of circumstances in pursuit of their livelihoods, which are negotiated through repertoires of knowledge, skill, wisdom and information that are held individually, communally or as the prerogative of experts. Of some significance is timing: finding the most effective or propitious moment for action. On the farm, anticipating the beginning and progress of the rains is crucial and sought through the empirical observation of natural phenomena, or as in northwest Nigeria additionally through agricultural star calendars and almanacs by Muslim clerics. Furthermore, some clerics use divination to identify propitious moments for their clients whereby they may achieve success in non-farm jobs and businesses that are an integral part of rural livelihoods. Taking action to achieve particular outcomes on and off the farm raises issues about local people's understanding of the physical world and their place within it, and the power of religion and the supernatural. An appreciation of such matters would appear to be crucial for those from the scientific and technological North who may be attempting to transform African societies.