State as resource,mediator and performer: understanding the local and global politics of gold mining in Kyrgyzstan

The inability of the state to maintain security and the rule of law for the purposes of foreign direct investment and industrial production is often taken as a sign of its weakness. However, such judgments say little about the actual functions of the state for global extraction industries and local political forces which demand their share of the pie. Whilst coercive state power may have decreased since Kyrgyzstan became independent, more important is the fact that the state itself has been transformed under the ruptures of, on the one hand, economic and political liberalization and, on the other, the effects of so-called ‘revolutions' of 2005 and 2010 which led to the wholesale restructuring of national structures of clientelism. Based on ethnographic research conducted in Talas province, documentary sources and interviews with gold mining companies and state officials, the paper investigates the state's shifting roles with respect to Kyrgyzstan's gold mining sector. Firstly, it explores the state as a source of rents for officials who grant and rescind licences in exchange for formal and informal payments from foreign investors, often via offshore vehicles. Secondly, it considers the role of the state as mediator between foreign investors and their access to sites. Finally, it identifies the state as performer of its status as sovereign power despite its inability to prevent uprisings and actually guarantee the promised access to its territory.     

A Simple Digestion Method with a Lefort Aqua Regia Solution for Diatom Extraction

Presence of diatoms in tissues has been considered as a significant sign of drowning. However, there are limitations in the present extraction methods. We developed a new digestion method using the Lefort aqua regia solution (3:1 nitric acid to hydrochloric acid) for diatom extraction and evaluated the digestive capability, diatom destruction, and diatoms' recovery of this new method. The kidney tissues from rabbit mixed with water rich in diatoms were treated by the Lefort aqua regia digestion method (n = 10) and the conventional acid digestion method (n = 10). The results showed that the digestive capability of Lefort aqua regia digestion method was superior to conventional acid digestion method (p < 0.01); the structure of diatom remained almost intact; and the recovery of diatom was comparable to the conventional acid digestion method (p > 0.05). The Lefort aqua regia reagent is an improvement over the conventional acid digestion for recovery of diatoms from tissue samples.     

用《论语》思想构建和谐采油院

《论语》的基本精神“仁、义、札、智、信”,不仅是伦理之道,而且也是经营管理之道。2007年是胜利油田的“和谐文化建设年”,胜利油田采油院把学《论语》引入到企业和谐文化建设中来。《论语》赋予采油院和谐文化建设新的生命力与形式。     

正交试验法优选复方白芍颗粒提取工艺

目的 优选复方白芍颗粒的最佳提取工艺。方法 以干膏得率和白芍活性成分芍药苷的提取率为评价指标,采用正交设计法考察溶剂用量、提取时间以及提取次数对提取结果的影响,确定最佳提取工艺。结果 最佳提取工艺参数为：加10倍量水,提取2次,每次提取1 h。结论 优选的提取工艺切实可行,为复方白芍颗粒制剂的研究奠定基础。     

紫外光谱法测定尿液中安眠类药物的含量

本文应用紫外可见光谱法研究了苯并二氮　类、吩噻嗪类药物的测定方法,分析的药物在０μｇ·ｍｌ－１～２０μｇ·ｍｌ－１内有良好的线性关系。提出了利用固相萃取技术测定尿液中药物的简便、快速的方法,测定尿液中药物的检出限为１．０μｇ·ｍｌ－１,回收率为７７．５％－１０１．２％。     

SPE-GC/MS 法分析鱼塘水中的5种农药

目的：建立鱼类中毒案件中鱼塘水5种农药的固相萃取（solid phase extraction,SPE）结合气相色谱－质谱联用仪（GC/MS）的检测方法。方法比较 Oasis HLB cartridge、Bond Elut C18和 SampliQ C183种固相萃取柱提取、净化鱼塘水中5种农药的提取回收率,并考察洗脱剂种类、洗脱剂用量对提取回收率的影响。结果利用 Bond Elut C18固相萃取柱,以3mL 苯作为洗脱剂,鱼塘水中5种农药质量浓度在1~50μg/mL范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0．9962~0．9996,测得的检出限为3．4~26μg/L,提取回收率为61．49%~102．48%,相对标准偏差均≤3．01%。结论 SPE－GC/MS 法灵敏度高、准确度和精密度好,简单快速,溶剂消耗量少,适用于鱼塘水中5种农药的检测。     

体液中氟乙酰胺SPE-GC/MS检测

目的　利用GC/MS与固相萃取 (SPE)技术相结合 ,开发血和尿样中氟乙酰胺鼠药的GC/MS定量分析新方法 ,并用于实际案例检测。方法　选择乙酰胺为内标 ,通过比较不同固相柱的萃取效率和不同条件对回收率的影响 ,优化用于血和尿样中氟乙酰胺萃取的固相柱和提取条件 ,利用氟乙酰胺与乙酰胺质谱图的分子离子峰面积之比与氟乙酰胺浓度的定量关系 ,建立血和尿样中氟乙酰胺鼠药的GC/MS定量分析新方法。结果　用硅胶柱萃取 ,峰面积之比与氟乙酰胺浓度在 5 0～ 90 μg/ml范围呈线性关系 ,检测限为 1 0 μg/ml。血样中氟乙酰胺检测的平均回收率达 91 6% ,标准偏差小于 7 3 %。结论　此法对实际样品的测定证明可满足氟乙酰胺鼠药中毒的定性定量要求。     

汽油中的毒品还原分析

目的建立汽油中海洛因的检验方法及还原方法。方法利用无水乙醇挥发汽油混合物中的汽油,通过TLC、IR、GC、GC/MS对汽油混合物中溶剂和毒品成份进行了定性定量分析。结果利用该方法对涉案检材成功进行了毒品还原及检验分析。结论该方法适合于此类案件检验。     

固相萃取──紫外导数光谱法测定脏器中敌鼠钠含量

肝、肾、肺、脑等脏器中敌鼠钠含量的题示测定法，使用国产GDX403树脂为革取材料，溶剂消耗少，操作简便，回收率约70％，检测下限小于1μg．g-1，适合做为法医毒物分析常规方法。     

A high selective screening test for methamphetamine in human urine

A high selective screening test (Ad-Tip method) for methamphetamine in human urine has been devised. The method involves a brief extraction from a urine sample with an Ad-Tip (ODS-silica minicolumn), washing, eluting with modified Simon's reagent, and coloration with carbonate buffer. Detection limit of methamphetamine in urine is 1 microgram/ml and the test takes within 3 min/sample. The results of the Ad-Tip method were almost identical to those of laboratory analyses.