92式9毫米与勃朗宁9毫米手枪射击弹痕研究

QSZ92式9毫米手枪和勃朗宁9毫米手枪是发射同一种枪弹的两种枪支,文章通过实验观察这两种枪支射击弹头上的进膛痕迹、拔弹痕迹、坡膛痕迹和线膛痕迹的形态特征,统计分析了痕迹出现的位置和长度及宽度,对这两种枪支的射击弹头痕迹作了比较研究。     

Trade marks plus? the role of trade marks in the global economy and the danger of over-protection

This article examines the economic role of the trade mark, both as a structuring device and as a means of adding value to products. It shows how its role as a flexible structuring device that provides a distinct focus for goodwill derives from the special meaning of the term “origin” or “trade origin” in trade mark law, this being what a trade mark is supposed to indicate. Firms can control the identity that a trade mark signifies and confers on the products with which it is used without being tied to any particular set of production arrangements. This article also considers how goodwill can be a source of economic benefit both through reducing transaction costs and, in some cases, through adding value to products. This article then examines the economic rationale for the legal protection of trade marks and shows how this is analogous to the rationale for awarding property rights over tangible resources and different from that for other forms of intellectual property right. The pressure to expand the legal protection of stronger trade marks is explored and it is accepted that there is an economic case for doing so. However, it is argued that the additional protection must be carefully calibrated through definitions that take account of its economic rationale and avoid the danger of over-extending it. In particular, this danger of over-protection arises from making a false analogy between stronger trade marks and the kind of intangible output that is the subject of the other forms of intellectual property right.     

数字全口牙位曲面体层片的法医学同一认定指标

目的采用颌面全口牙位曲面体层片,针对牙齿无病变者筛选简洁实用的法医学同一认定识别指标并进行编码、统计分析及评估。方法随机选取170例牙齿无病变者的颌面数字全口牙位曲面体层片进行观测．根据牙齿的生理变异特征和牙齿的排列特征分别筛选全口牙型和牙列型识别指标。按设计的编码标准对全口牙型、牙列型逐一编码,统计分析编码的多样性,以评估两类识别指标的应用价值。结果170例中共有74种全口牙型编码,多样性为43．53％：170例中共有129种牙列型编码,多样性为75．88％;170例同时进行全口牙型和牙列型编码．则共有150种全口牙型／牙列型编码,多样性为88．24％。结论全口牙型编码多样性较低,单独使用尚不能满足法医学同一认定的要求。牙列型编码的多样性比较高,具有一定的法医学同一认定价值。如果同时进行全口牙型和牙列型编码,多样性明显提高,有较高的法医学同一认定价值。     

年龄推断的研究现状

推断年龄目前主要依据人体骨骼、软组织、细胞和生物大分子,以及组织中各类物质的物理和化学特性等随年龄增长的时序性变化。由于生物体各组织器官生长发育的生理性变化及其影响因素极为复杂,不同推断年龄的方法均有其应用价值,但也都存在一定的局限性,在法医学实际检案中如果能综合运用,可提高年龄推断的准确性。本文回顾国内外年龄推断现状,并对各种推断方法进行讨论。     

An integrated technique for the analysis of skin bite marks

The high number of murder, rape, and child abuse cases in South Africa has led to increased numbers of bite mark cases being heard in high courts. Objective analysis to match perpetrators to bite marks at crime scenes must be able to withstand vigorous cross-examination to be of value in conviction of perpetrators. An analysis technique is described in four stages, namely determination of the mark to be a human bite mark, pattern association analysis, metric analysis and comparison with the population data, and illustrated by a real case study. New and accepted techniques are combined to determine the likelihood ratio of guilt expressed as one of a range of conclusions described in the paper. Each stage of the analysis adds to the confirmation (or rejection) of concordance between the dental features present on the victim and the dentition of the suspect. The results illustrate identification to a high degree of certainty.     

Accuracy of Three Age Estimation Methods in Children by Measurements of Developing Teeth and Carpals and Epiphyses of the Ulna and Radius

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of three methods for age estimation in children: the measurements of open apices in tooth roots (T), the ratio between the total area of carpal bones and epiphyses of the ulna and radius (HW), and the combined method (THW). The sample consisted of 288 Caucasian Italian children (152 boys and 136 girls) aged between 5 and 15 years. Accuracy was determined as the difference between estimated age and chronological age, and accuracy was assessed by analyzing individuals’ orthopantomograms and hand‐wrist radiographs. Accuracies were 0.41 years for girls and 0.54 years for boys with the THW method; for the HW method, 1.00 years for girls and 0.92 years for boys; and for the T method, 0.62 years for girls and 0.71 years for boys. THW is the most accurate technique for age estimation in these children.     

The experimental and case study of needle marks on the speedometer as the physical evidence for the collision speed analysis

The collision speed is important in accident analysis, and needle marks can be helpful as the physical evidence. The deceleration impact system has been built to analyze the mechanics of the needle and the gauge plate. Two isolated groups were designed to record the speed values under the same sample labels from real crashes. The visualization platform was built for the first group to collect needle marks. The second group recorded the speed values by other methods. The collision deceleration, the gauge plate materials, and the collision directions determine the forming of the needle marks. There were eight positive results from the 23 effective samples (12 frontal, four side, and seven rear), with discernible tip and/or middle marks on gauge plates. Multiple marks have been distinguished effectively. The low- and high-speed impacts have no obvious differences for real needle marks. It is more accurate for frontal impacts.     

95式5．8mm自动步枪射击弹壳上痕迹的研究

目的研究95式5.8mm自动步枪射击弹壳上痕迹的检验价值。方法用10支95式5.8mm自动步枪分别射击50发,对收集的500枚射击弹壳在显微镜下观察测量。结果弹壳上痕迹反映普遍较浅,痕迹具有特殊性。结论95式5.8mm自动步枪射击弹壳上痕迹具有一定的同一认定价值。     

咬痕个体识别的比对方法

目的 建立一个牙模数据库,为通过牙齿、咬痕进行个人识别的研究及其在法医实践中的应用提供一种新方法。方法 经过对400例牙模进行分析、计算,将牙齿的形状、排列转换成数字型(X,Y)坐标,通过计算出每颗牙关键点与坐标原点的相对位置,在DOS系统下运用Borland C++5.0语言编写程序,快速地计算出牙齿和牙弓的特征。结果 能对牙模进行自动识别,达到排除与认定。其比对精度长度为1.3mm,角度3°;可取的最少牙点位数目为12～14较为合理,大致需要5～7个完整的牙痕。结论 该方法是研究咬痕与牙模比对的基础。     

假冒注册商标罪若干问题思考

文章研究了假冒注册商标罪中的几个疑难问题,并对本罪的立法完善提出两点建议。文章认为,假冒注册商标罪的罪过形式只有直接故意一种,“以营利为目的”不是成立本罪的必要条件;应以经营额而不是销售额或营利额作为“情节严重”是否严重的标准;本罪中的驰名商标既包括已注册商标也包括未注册的商标;应将情节严重的反向假冒行为和影射商标行为增加为本罪的罪状。