THE DEFEAT THAT CHANGED CHINA'S HISTORY

正This year marks the 120th anniversary of the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95,commonly known in China as the Jiawu War.Time has passed,but the trauma of the conflict is still felt by the Chinese people even today.The war,during which China’s then-ruling Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)was defeated,changed the fate of the country.It exposed the     

远近夹持方式对凸齿钥匙上仿形刀痕迹倾斜角度的影响

目的 探索远近两种夹持方式对凸齿钥匙上仿形刀痕迹倾斜角度的影响.方法 用铝板制作相同坡长、不同齿坡角的凸齿钥匙模型,在远近两种夹持方式下模拟增配过程,观察并总结钥匙上仿形刀痕迹倾斜角度的变化.结果 两种夹持方式下的仿形刀痕迹倾斜角相等.结论 远近夹持不影响仿形刀痕迹倾斜角度.     

Age estimation of Korean adults by occlusal tooth wear

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of the modified Kim's scoring system as a practical method of recording occlusal tooth wear and estimating age. For this purpose, 1092 pairs of maxillary and mandibular full-arch casts were randomly selected, scored, and analyzed. The results showed that the modified Kim's scoring system had excellent reliability, and that occlusal tooth wear had a positive correlation with age. Tooth wear scores of all teeth except the two lower central incisors were higher in males than in females. Calculating tables for age estimation were designed by multiple linear regression analysis. Estimated ages were within +/-5 years of actual ages in 63.5% of male subjects, and 64.0% of female subjects. The accuracy of age estimation was increased when the subjects were divided into two age groups and data were re-analyzed. Collectively, it was shown that the modified Kim's scoring system is a reliable and accurate method for age estimation, and that the data from these 1092 individuals can be used as a standard for age estimation of Korean adults.     

撬压痕迹的力学分析与计算

本文应用力学的理论、观点和方法,对撬压痕迹的本质、受破坏的客体对外力作用的抵抗表现进行分析,并归纳各种常见客体的结构形式、功能特点和痕迹形成的规律,为办案实践中的具体对象制定了分析问题和解决问题的方法。     

区分撬压痕迹与打击痕迹之方法

撬压痕迹与打击痕迹的作用力形式不同,分别是杠杆作用和碰撞作用。撬压痕迹的特点是一次动作形成两处痕迹,打击痕迹的特点是一次动作形成一处痕迹。拆离撬压和扩缝撬压形成的凹陷状痕迹与打击痕迹有相似之处,撬压痕迹与打击痕迹可以从痕迹的形态、数量、深度及位置等四个方面加以区别。     

浅析当前抢劫、抢夺犯罪行为之特征

当前,发生在我国的抢劫、抢夺犯罪相对突出,不仅牵扯着公安机关的精力,而且人民群众颇具微词反映强烈。这既有社会发展的客观情况,也有深层次的社会问题。本文力求从客观实际出发,深刻剖析"两抢"犯罪行为之特征,为打击、预防"两抢"犯罪的实践服务,从而达到有效遏制犯罪、维护良好社会治安秩序的目的。     

美国专利法中的专利标示义务

美国专利法中的专利标示规则散见于其《专利法》及有代表性的判例之中。美国专利法规定了专利权利人和被许可人的专利标示义务,标示义务及于产品专利和方法专利。“实质性总体”标准、替代性标准（alternative marking provisions）、“足够清晰的纽带”（the sufficiently clear nexus）标准是专利标示是否合法的判断标准。美国专利法还规定了专利权人实施不当标示的构成要件及其法律责任的承担原则。     

QSZ92式9mm手枪射击弹壳击针痕迹次种类特征的研究

目的研究QSZ92式9mm手枪击针在生产加工过程中潜在的次种类特征,以区别于个体特征。方法用超景深体式显微镜对特定工序连续生产加工的10件QSZ92式9mm手枪击针的射击痕迹进行观察比对。结果不同击针形成的击针痕迹痕底特征具有特定性,而痕壁特征中的同心圆状或圆弧状加工痕迹具有相似性,属于次种类特征。结论同一认定过程中不能将击针痕迹中的同心圆状或圆弧状加工痕迹作为个体特征使用。     

Restoration of engraved marks on steel surfaces by etching technique

It is known that restoration of erased engraved identification marks on the engine and the chassis of a car or on a firearm has low success rate. Unlike stamping, engraving on a metal surface leaves no pronounced, permanent subsurface deformation in the crystalline structure, also called dislocation that can be revealed by suitable methods. Hence, the current research work investigated whether metallographic reagents used in the restoration of stamp (compression) marks could be applied to recover engraved marks on steel surfaces and also to establish the sensitivity and effectiveness of some of these reagents for the restoration of the marks. Experiments were conducted by mechanically engraving alphanumeric characters on several steel plates using a computer controlled engraving machine called Gravograph. The markings were later erased from the above steel plates by removing the metal in stages of 0.01 mm through 0.04 mm below the bottom of the engraving. Several plates were thus prepared wherein each one had been abraded to a specific depth. Then eight metallographic reagents were tested on each one of the above erased plates using a swabbing technique. The results had shown that while most of the reagents were able to restore marks up to certain levels of erasure, the reagent 5 g copper sulphate, 60 ml water, 30 ml concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 60 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid restored marks erased to a depth of 0.04 mm below the engraving depth, thus presenting itself the most sensitive reagent. Quite significantly, the above reagent was also able to decipher successfully the original engraved marks that had been erased and engraved with a new number, or obliterated by centre punching. The results of this research work should benefit the forensic practitioners engaged in the serial number recovery on vehicles, firearms and other objects.     

Confocal microscopy analysis of breech face marks on fired cartridge cases from 10 consecutively manufactured pistol slides

Recent publications from the National Academy of Sciences have called for additional foundational research in the field of firearm and toolmark analysis. We examined test fires from 10 pistol slides with consecutively manufactured breech faces. A total of nine test fires from each pistol slide, for a total of 90 test fired cartridge cases, were compared using confocal microscopy combined with three-dimensional cross-correlation analysis algorithms. A total of 8010 comparisons were performed (720 matches and 7290 nonmatches). The average score for matches was 0.82 with a standard deviation of 0.06. The average score for nonmatches was 0.20 with a standard deviation of 0.03. Additionally, subclass toolmarks were observed on the breech faces, but the presence of subclass was not detected in the correlation analysis. There was no overlap of scores between matching and nonmatching test fires. This provides objective data that support the AFTE (Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners) theory of identification.