Governance modes,policy regimes and operational plans: A multi-level nested model of policy instrument choice and policy design

Policy goals and means exist at different levels of abstraction and application and policies can be seen to be comprised of a number of components or elements, not all of which are as amenable to (re)design as others. Defining and thinking about polices and policy-making in this way is very useful because it highlights how policy design is all about the effort to match goals and instruments both within and across categories. That is, successful policy design requires (1) that policy aims, objectives, and targets be coherent; (2) that implementation preferences, policy tools and tool calibrations should also be consistent; and (3) that policy aims and implementation preferences; policy objectives, and policy tools; and policy targets and tool calibrations, should also be congruent and convergent. Policy instrument choices can thus be seen to result from a nested or embedded relationship within a larger framework of established governance modes and policy regime logics. In this contextual model, the range of choices left at the level of concrete targeted policy instrument calibrations—the typical subject of policy tool analysis—is restricted by the kinds of decisions made about policy objectives and the appropriate tools to attain them, and both of these, in turn, by the kind of choices made at the highest level setting out general policy aims and implementation preferences.

票据行为性质的阐释

对票据行为的性质的认识,不仅事关票据行为在民商法体系中的定位,更有助于我们了解票据上的义务如何发生,以及有关当事人的人的抗辩和物的抗辩问题的解决。从有价证券的一般原理出发,采创造说更符合有价证券的基本属性。     

中国古代刑讯制度及其评析

刑讯作为野蛮的“刑”与文明的“讯”结合而成的取证方法，在中国古代延续了两千余年，这一方面反映了其不足之处，另一方面却又足以说明了其价值所在。因此，不顾其存在的客观历史奈件而简单地对其功过一概否定或者肯定的观点都是值得商榷的。本文从中国古代刑讯制度的沿革入手，就古代中国刑讯制度化、法律化的形成、原因、特点等诸多相关问题予以了阐述，目的在于客观地评价中国古代的刑讯制度，从而扬“讯”之长，避“刑”之短，以完善今天的证据制度。     

Administrative Discretion and Environmental Regulation: Agency Substantive Rules and Court Decisions in U.S. Air and Water Quality Policies

The main challenge of the scholarship with administrative discretion is how to reach the appropriate balance between a commitment to legislative preferences and flexibility in regulating diverse targets in constantly changing environments. This article focuses on how regulators and courts interact in influencing the potential for administrative discretion in U.S. environmental policy. It creates an analytical framework highlighting the construction of substantive rules by an agency, the interpretation of agency rulings by courts, capacity of an agency for implementation, and legislative responsiveness to agency rulings. It analyzes several cases of the introduction of incentive-based economic instruments administered by the Environmental Protection Agency in air and water policies. The cases reveal the intensified and expanded production of substantive regulations by the agency and the trajectory of a struggle in the judiciary to advance both the legislative intent and the substantive goal of protecting the environment in a more cost-effective and less burdensome way.     

The use of warnings in the presence of errors

This article studies the effects of warnings, an enforcement instrument which is often used by environmental inspection agencies. Due to regulatory errors, measured emissions are uncertain and some firms are unjustly penalized. Warnings can then be used as a means to reduce the consequences of these errors. Even though the presence of warnings creates some underdeterrence of medium-cost firms, such a system reduces the overcompliance of low-cost firms caused by the uncertainty surrounding measured emissions. Further, warnings reduce the number of incorrect prosecutions in the case of measurement errors, which is also welfare enhancing, albeit at the cost of increasing the number of violators that go unpunished. For small error sizes, the use of warnings is shown to be welfare improving compared to only using fines.     

刑讯逼供的法律规制

刑讯逼供是我国司法实践中一种屡禁不止的现象,它有历史、政治、立法、客观等方面的原因,本文提出了完善立法、提高干警素质、改进技术设备、严格执法力度等解决办法。     

浅议公安文书的语体风格特征

公安文书是公安机关行使职能的书面文字工具,是依法办案的重要凭证,是实施国家法律和法规的重要手段,是区分罪与非罪、罪重与罪轻、此罪与彼罪的试金石。其语体风格表现出准确凝炼、朴实严谨、庄重典雅的风格特征,掌握其语体风格特征对于制作公安文书至关重要。     

解读“零口供规划”

"零口供规则"的初稿中最核心的内容被认为是"沉默权的提出".几经修改后的<规则>与初稿最大的区别在于不把口供视为零,而是把对口供的依赖降到最低点.犯罪嫌疑人在接受审讯时不再允许其保持沉默,原来的绝对"零口供"演变成了现在的相对"零口供"."零口供规则"的意义体现在它对我国司法制度提出了预警,使人们再次正视司法实践中屡禁不止的刑讯逼供,以及阻却这一弊端的迫切性.     

论我国遏制刑讯逼供之制度构想--以侦查制度变革完善为视角

刑讯逼供案件有其发生的基本特点和规律。在我国侦查机关的侦查活动中,刑讯逼供现象时有发生很大程度上是由于刑事侦查制度设计的缺陷。我国应借鉴国外防止刑讯逼供的理念和制度,对现行侦查制度进行必要的变革,设立有限沉默权、非法证据排除及侦查和羁押相分离等制度,以保障犯罪嫌疑人和被告人人权,维护司法公正。     

口供何以中心——“罪从供定”传统及其文化解读

从制度到实践,口供在古代刑事司法中的作用被强调到无以复加的程度:赃证仅仅是获取和推核口供的辅助手段,孤供可以定罪,而无供情况下则通常只能办成悬案或疑案。相应的,作为取供中的合法暴行,最不可妄加的拷掠成了断狱中最不能离开的审讯手段。而有限的可知论、伦理秩序和狱无淹滞的价值诉求、反逻辑的自由心证及非对抗的刑事司法等则为口供主义提供了坚实的文化支撑。