Profiling the scent of weathered training aids for blood-detection dogs

At outdoor crime scenes, cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs may be tasked with locating blood that is days, weeks or months old. Although it is known that the odour profile of blood will change during this time, it is currently unknown how the profile changes when exposed to the environment. Such variables must be studied in order to understand when the odour profile is no longer detectable by the scent-detection dogs and other crime scene tools should be implemented. In this study, blood was deposited onto concrete and varnished wood surfaces and weathered in an outdoor environment over a three-month period. Headspace samples were collected using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS). The chemical odour profiles were compared with the behavioural responses of cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs during training. Data interpretation using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) established that the blood odour could no longer be detected using SPME–GC×GC–TOFMS after two months of weathering on both surfaces. Conversely, the blood-detection dogs had difficulty locating the blood samples after one month of weathering on concrete and after one week of weathering on varnished wood. The scent-detection dogs evaluated herein had not been previously exposed to environmentally weathered blood samples during training. Given that this study was conducted to test the dogs' baseline abilities, it is expected that with repeated exposure, the dogs' capabilities would likely improve. The knowledge gained from this study can assist in providing law enforcement with more accurate training aids for blood-detection dogs and can improve their efficiency when deployed to outdoor crime scenes.     

“人民拥护不拥护”：一切标准中的根本标准——对邓小平历史检验标准思想的历史和逻辑分析

1978年党的十一届三中全会以来,我国经历了否定"文革",以经济建设为中心、改革开放和确立社会主义市场经济体制三个阶段.相应地在哲学思想上经历了"实践标准"、"生产力标准"、"人民拥护标准"的主题转换这样一条主线.标准问题的不同主题讲的是认识和实践问题的三个不同方面检验的途径及客观标准、主观标准和检验的主体.在实践过程中,检验的主体依据实践结果提供的客观标准和依据理想目的提供的主观标准,在二者的互相对照、检验、修正中使实践向着合乎规律和合乎目的的方向发展.在当前,只有把"指导社会实践和检验评价实践结果的主体--人民大众"这一主题通过相应的民主制度和程序而在实际中真正贯彻下去,才能有可靠的政治保障使改革开放始终代表人民利益,使中国社会持续和良性地发展.在这个意义上,我们说"人民拥护不拥护"是一切标准中的根本标准.     

“三个代表”重要思想对马克思生产力理论的新贡献

遵循生产力发展规律,是党始终做到代表中国先进生产力发展要求的关键。“三个代表”重要思想强调党要代表先进生产力的发展要求,就是要求党要特别重视研究生产力自身发展的规律,从先进生产力的发展要求上自觉把握社会主义基本矛盾的运动规律,从唯物史观高度认识生产力的发展与人的全面发展的统一性,坚持“以人为本”的发展目标。     

浅析共同贪污犯罪数额的计算

贪污犯罪数额的大小,是惩治贪污犯罪的主要依据。在共同犯罪中,犯罪行为人贪污数额的认定相当复杂,既有共同贪污的数额,又有各人分赃所得的数额,还有因贪污的停止形态而未实际获取财产等情形。关于共同贪污犯罪行为人数额的认定,理论界存在着“分赃数额说”、“参与数额说”和“犯罪总额说”等不同的学说。笔者更倾向于“犯罪总额说”。     

简论科学管理创新的四大功能

科学管理是作为一种生产力因素,在生产力系统的形成、运行和发展中发挥创新功能的。这种创新功能表现在:它不仅是整合生产力各要素形成创新功能的前提,而且是将生产力各要素的潜在创新“能量”转化为现实创新“能力”的条件;不仅是运筹生产力各要素创新能力的手段,而且还是进一步扩张生产力系统创新功能的内在活力。     

History of Traumatic Abuse and HIV Risk Behaviorsin Severely Mentally Ill Substance Abusing Adults

Epidemiological studies in the United States estimate HIV seroprevalence rates ranging between 4% and 23% for serious mentally ill adults (SMIA; i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other chronic disorders with psychotic features), with substantially greater estimates for risky sexual behaviors. Among the most consistent factors linked to HIV risk in non-SMIA populations is a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. The current study examined the intersection of abuse history and HIV sexual risk behavior in SMIAs with a group of men (n = 64) and women (n = 115) recruited from eight geographically diverse and representative clinical sites around Florida. A cross-sectional interview revealed a high prevalence of alcohol and other drugs problems, as well as a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse in 75% of the participants, with 68% of these reporting multiple types of abuse. Compared to nonabused counterparts, those with a history of abuse reported significantly greater: (a) lifetime and current psychiatric symptoms, (b) recent unprotected sexual intercourse, and (c) crack cocaine, heroin, and marijuana use. No gender differences were detected in the associations of abuse history and sexual risk behaviors. These results underscore the need for HIV prevention efforts targeted to SMIAs and the critical importance of addressing abuse history in interventions with this underserved population.     

Construct Validity of the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire and Its Relationship with Self-Esteem,Depression, and Ego Development

Construct validity of the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ) was studied in a sample of 194 normal Finnish adolescents from 14 to 16 years of age. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the hierarchical structure of adolescents’ self-image with 5 lower-order factors loading on a single higher-order factor. Lower-order factors were Personally Anxious Self, Social Relationships, Sexual Attitudes, Family Relationships, and Social Conscience. The relationships between the self-image areas of the OSIQ, global self-esteem, depression, and ego development were also examined. The results support the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity of the presented structure of the OSIQ.He received M.A. from University of Helsinki. Major research interest concern adolescent psychological developmentHe received Ph.D. from University of Helsinki. Major research interests include psychosocial health risks and organizational behavior.He received M.D. from Lausanne University and Ph.D. from Helsinki University. Major research interests include attachment issues, fatherhood, and foster parenting.He received his Ph.D. in psychiatry from the University of Helsinki. Major research interests are developmental theory of adolescence and personality development of adolescents in chronic illness.He received Ph.D. from University of Cambridge. Major research interests concern personality and developmental psychology.     

新疆公安机关关于打击“三股势力”总体策略的哲学思考

民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力、暴力恐怖势力,这“三股势力”将是影响新疆乃至全国社会政治稳定和国家安全的主要因素。科学分析和正确判断新疆地区稳定形势,预测“三股势力”恐怖活动的未来发展趋势,可以使公安机关打有目标,防有重点,做到未雨绸缪。坚持“严打高压”态势,正确处理打击与防范的关系,在打击民族分裂、暴力恐怖活动中严格依法办事,使打击“三股势力”与打击刑事犯罪活动相辅相成、协调统一。     

国有垄断性企业收入分配问题的思考

由于体制性因素，政策性因素等原因，导致国有垄断性企业员工收入水平普遍较高，企业内部收入分配平均主义比较突出。为了规范国有垄断性企业的收入分配秩序，体现公平与效率的原则，必须引入竞争机制，降低垄断水平；清理整顿工资外收入，规范收入来源；降低人工成本，逐步拉开企业内分配差距。实徒工资总额管理，健全工资水平管理体制，加大宏观调控力度，理顺收入分配秩序。     

Institutional competitiveness,social investment,and welfare regimes

Are the rather generous welfare regimes found in most European countries sustainable; that is, are they competitive in a globalizing economy? Or will they, on the contrary, be crowded out by the more austere and less expensive regimes generally found in liberal Anglo‐Saxon countries? We first discuss this issue conceptually, focusing on the notions of institutional competitiveness, social investment, and short‐term and long‐term productivity. We then briefly present the results of an empirical study of 50 social indicators of policies and outcomes in 20 Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries during the early 2000s. We conclude that welfare regimes have not been forced to converge through a “race to the bottom.” There remain three distinct ways to face the “trilemma” of job growth, income inequality, and fiscal restraint: Nordic countries achieve high labor market participation through high social investment; Anglo‐Saxon countries attain the same objective through minimal public intervention; while Continental European countries experience fiscal pressures because their social protection schemes are not promoting participation to the same extent.