《道路交通安全法》中"交通事故"定义评析

关于道路交通事故的定义,《道路交通安全法》在《道路交通事故处理办法》的基础上作了修改.从法学和逻辑学的角度上分析,修改后的定义仍然存在着定义不准、概念不清等问题,影响到该法的准确实施.科学定义道路交通事故概念,首先要明确《道路交通安全法》的立法目的和法律特征,其次要明确道路交通事故概念构成的内在要件和外在要件,第三要遵从语词规则.     

英国法院对中国《海商法》和《对外贸易法》的适用和评价

通过介绍两个与中国法律或中国法院判决有关的案例,对中国法在外国的适用以及外国法院尤其是英国法院如何看待中国法院的判决进行了介绍和评析。     

证据保管链制度研究

证据保管链制度要求建立自侦查阶段收集证据至审判阶段将证据提交法庭的完整记录体系;除少数例外情形,所有接触证据的人员都必须出庭作证。这一制度对规范侦查、起诉人员收集、运输、保管证据等行为,协助法官和辩护方审查判断证据的真伪,都具有极为重要的意义。我国刑事诉讼法只要求对证据的收集进行记录,而不要求对证据的运输、保管、鉴定等也进行记录,更不要求接触证据的人员出庭作证;这对保障实物证据的证明力极为不利。我国在未来立法时有必要借鉴域外经验,建立系统的证据保管链制度。     

3D Finite Element Model of Human Knee Injuries in the Traffic Accident

Objective To explore the injury mechanism of the human knee in a traffic accident by estab lishing a 3D finite element （FE） model. Methods The FE model, composed of femur, tibia, fibula, patel la, meniscus, knee ligaments and surrounding soft tissues, was reconstructed by CT scanning data from a male volunteer. Validation was performed by the lateral impact simulation, and the stress and strain re sults were obtained to be compared with those previously reported for injury prediction. Results The re suits derived from the FE model were found to be similar with those previously reported, most of the ligaments and meniscus wounded at 40 m/s collision, which was readily observed. Conclusion The simu lation results generated by FE model can be effectively used for the injury mechanism analysis of initial contact.     

对交通肇事案中的死者进行“全面尸检”的必要性及措施

司法机关对出现死亡后果的交通肇事案件的处理往往不能达到法律与社会效果的有效统一,主要原因在于不能对作为案件认定依据的尸体作及时、科学、适当的检验.而司法实践中因为种种原因而缺乏对尸体的正确处置与检验程序规范化建设的缺失,导致检察机关对该类案件的办理存在诸多诉讼风险.鉴于此,建立由检察官主导的全面尸检程序可以成为司法机关正确办理交通肇事案件的基本前提.     

论不完整意义上的亲属拒证权--评2012年《刑事诉讼法》第188条

2012年《刑事诉讼法》第188条增设的亲属出庭作证义务豁免权填补了我国现代亲属拒证权制度的空白,丰富了《刑事诉讼法》人权保障的内容,显现出容隐制度呈现出回归的端倪,彰显了我国与现代西方法律制度相融合的趋势。相较于中国古代的容隐制度和现代西方国家的亲属拒证权制度,亲属出庭作证义务豁免权只能被视为不完整意义上的亲属拒证权。无论是权利主体范围,还是权利内容,亲属出庭作证义务豁免权都有进一步完善发展的空间;并且该规定在实施中可能遭遇被误读、阻碍案件证明、流于形式以及侵犯被告人对质权的风险。对这些风险和问题应当予以充分认识、合理应对,以使司法实践准确落实这一规定,并为确立完整意义上的亲属拒证权奠定基础。     

Postmortem Analysis of Electrogram Records from an Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator (ICD) in the Reconstruction of a Road Traffic Accident

The case of a 69‐year‐old man, equipped with an ICD and suffering from several chronic cardiac diseases, who died in a car accident, was presented. We analyzed electrogram records from the ICD explanted from the body during the autopsy, which showed that the driver had suffered from malignant ventricular arrhythmia—ventricular fibrillation (VF). A thorough analysis of the details of the accident, as well as the timing of VF and the rhythm observed after the discharge of the ICD showed that the direct cause of the accident was the episode of arrhythmia resulting in a loss of consciousness. Therefore, the presented case illustrates the usefulness of postmortem analysis of electrogram records from ICDs in the reconstruction of road traffic accidents. In such cases, if the victims are implanted with ICDs, it should be a routine procedure performed by forensic pathologists.     

JUDICIAL ROTATION AS CENTRIPETAL FORCE: SENTENCING IN THE COURT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA*

Courts as communities theory emphasizes the sentencing differences that can arise between localities within a single state. The results of published studies have highlighted how local differences emerge based on informal sociological and political processes defined by the communities perspective. The findings from recent quantitative studies from South Carolina have revealed notably less county variation in sentencing than has been observed elsewhere. I use qualitative interviews with 13 South Carolina trial judges to investigate sentencing processes and to shed light on these findings. The interviews explore the state's legal structure and culture, including the practice of circuit rotation in which judges travel among counties holding court. The results suggest rotation serves as a centripetal force of sentencing culture, homogenizing what might otherwise be a more varied collection of county‐specific norms. Rotation leads to increased uniformity through judge shopping and the cross‐pollination of ideas and norms. Defendants can strategically judge shop and plead in front of a lenient judge—a process that gives rise to the term “plea judge,” which is a label for the most lenient judges who sentence a large number of defendants. Rotation also increases the interactions among judges and prosecutors, expanding networks and grapevines, and leading to cross‐pollination and the sharing of ideas.     

当庭认证:一个被误读的概念

当庭认证是刑事审判方式改革的重要内容,由于未有相关法律或司法解释对其内涵作出明确界定,从而在审判实 践中当庭认证往往被机械理解。从诉讼理论出发并联系审判实践,探讨了当庭认证的应有内涵,并提出公开认证 的概念比当庭认证更具有现实意义。     

黄黄高速公路交通安全问题及对策研究

黄(石)黄(梅)高速公路是湖北省上世纪末峻工的一条设计标准较高的道路。近年来,黄黄高速公路的交通流量逐年增加,安全情况总体平稳,但在特殊的气候条件和部分路段也发生了一些有影响的重、特大交通事故。在发生的事故中,其事故形态不同,事故原因不同,驾驶员情况不同,天气情况不同。