Taxes,Tradable Rights and Transaction Costs

With respect to market-based policy approaches, it is a widely held view that corrective taxation entails substantial, though far fewer transaction costs than tradable permit systems. This conclusion only holds if set-up costs are singled out. This paper explores all relevant market, managerial and political transaction costs associated with environmental taxes and tradable emission rights. It is argued that the prevalence of transaction costs is largely dependent on the design of the policy instrument, respectively the tax base or the trading regime chosen. Comparative analysis further shows that a cap-and-trade program of emission permits distributed for free, traded on a brokered market and monitored upstream is not only more effective, but also likely to entail fewer transaction costs than environmental taxes. Any attempt, in turn, to save the huge information, enforcement and compliance costs incurred by corrective taxation impairs its efficacy by severing the link between the environmental externality and the tax base.JEL Classification: K32, K34     

交易费用理论的发展——兼评威廉姆森《资本主义经济制度》

交易费用的思想源于科斯,经过威廉姆森在《资本主义经济制度》中构筑了较为完整的交易费用理论体系。但是,通过对交易费用理论的重新梳理,我们不难发现其存在的逻辑悖论,对这一问题更深地研究将有利于增强其对现实社会中经济组织和经济现象的解释力。     

The failure of market failure

The concept of market failure was originally presented by economists as a normative explanation of why the need for government expenditures might arise. Gradually, the concept has taken on the form of a full‐scale diagnostic tool frequently employed by policy analysts to determine the exact scope and nature of government intervention. For some time, economists have known that the market failure idea is conceptually flawed. The authors of this article demonstrate why this is so, employing concepts drawn from the perspective of transaction costs. In a review of empirical studies, they further show how the market failure diagnostic leads analysts to make generalizations that are not supported by facts. Transaction cost analysis helps to explain the underlying processes involved. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

The Benevolent Prince in Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teutscher Fürsten Stat</Emphasis> with Special Consideration of the Prince’s Revenues,Regalia and Taxes

The applicability of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) to the public sphere is examined with the use of institutional legal theory. First, Oliver E. Williamson's 1985 general theory of private governance structures is analyzed. Following on this, his 1999 attempt at extending the theory to capture governance structures in the public sphere as well, is analyzed with the use of the insights gained from the first stage. Finally, on the basis of the whole two-stage analysis, an attempt is made at solving some fundamental problems concerning the applicability of TCE to public governance. JEL Classification: B52, D73, H11, K0, L22, L33     

股权优先购买权研究：交易成本视角

结合民法的基本理论和现实的股权交易实际存在的问题,从法经济学尤其是交易成本的角度,对现行《公司法》的有关立法规定进行检讨,股权优先购买权现行立法中存在制度缺陷和操作难度,从便利股权流转和保护交易、降低交易成本的目的出发,应完善现行的股权优先购买权制度。     

论网络交易平台提供商之交易安全保障义务

网络交易平台提供商是指为网络购物交易方提供网络交易平台服务的人。网络交易平台提供商的交易安全保障义务是指网络交易平台提供商负有的采取直接或间接措施避免或减少网络交易风险,保护交易方财产利益不受损害的法律义务。该义务防范的交易风险主要是交易方实质性的虚假陈述及不归因于交易方的重要信息错误、延误、丢失或不能辨认,而不包括一般的违约行为及产品责任风险。该义务应该由法律直接规定最低标准,但并不排除当事方之间进行更高水平的约定。最低标准可参照侵权法上的安全保障义务的要求设定,并融合限制网络服务提供商损害赔偿责任的＂安全港＂制度。     

尾市交易操纵行为的法律责任研究

近年来,尾市交易操纵行为愈演愈烈,对我国证券法律法规及市场监管提出一次又一次挑战,对证券市场造成极大破坏,严重损害了广大投资者的合法利益。这种情况很大程度上归责于我国对证券市场操纵法律责任体系的失衡,因此对该体系完善刻不容缓。而我国在这方面的理论研究和实务践行方面还不深入,因此必须借鉴美国、日本等国家完善的证券法律责任制度,以构建适合我国国情的证券市场操纵行为法律责任制度。