THE IMPACT OF ORDER‐MAINTENANCE POLICING ON NEW YORK CITY HOMICIDE AND ROBBERY RATES: 1988‐2001*

Local officials and national observers have attributed the New York City drop in violent crime during the 1990s to the aggressive enforcement of public order, but relevant research is limited and yields contrasting conclusions regarding the effects of order‐maintenance policing (OMP) on violent crime trends in New York City. The current study investigates the effects of order‐maintenance arrests on precinct‐level robbery and homicide trends in New York City with more reliable crime and arrest data, longer time series, and more extensive controls for other influences than used in prior research. We find statistically significant but small crime‐reduction effects of OMP and conclude that the impact of aggressive order enforcement on the reduction in homicide and robbery rates in New York City during the 1990s was modest at best.     

Crime in Central and Eastern European Countries in the Enlarged Europe

An enlarged European Union not only means more territory and a greater population, but also more crimes and perpetrators of crimes. The European integration brings a new challenge to criminology. Comparison of crime statistics across countries is still one of the most difficult methodological problems in criminological analyses. Countries differ in respect of their penal systems and penal policies. Reporting and statistical systems are also different. How, then, can one compare crime between European countries? Can one say where it is safer or where the police work better? Can one determine what the manner of data collection should be so that it reflects reality accurately? This article concentrates on a representation of some trends of crime in Central and Eastern European countries. A main source of information about crime are official crime statistics collected according to the methodological rules worked out by the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics. In the case of homicide, police data are confronted with vital statistics gathered by the World Heath Organization (WHO). The statistics on assault and robbery were compared, as much as possible, with the victimization data from the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS). The socio-economic context of the crime, the main circumstances of the crime statistics, which affected the interpretation of the crime trends for Central and Eastern European Countries, is presented.     

论抢劫罪的加重犯

对构成抢劫罪加重犯的严重情节应该作严格的限制解释。“入户抢劫”应理解为非法侵入住宅抢劫。“在公共交通工具上抢劫”是发生在公共交通工具上并危及交通运输安全的抢劫。把“多次抢劫”规定为抢劫罪的加重犯不够妥当。“抢劫数额巨大”不包含抢劫未遂的情形。抢劫 (过失 )致死与抢劫 (故意 )杀人有必要分开作规定 ,并且对后者应规定比前者更重的法定刑。“冒充军警人员抢劫”比真正的军警人员抢劫有更严重的危害性。“持枪抢劫”不包括持假枪抢劫。     

转化犯性质研究——法律拟制的视角

转化犯是我国刑法中特有的概念类型,但是目前的研究中缺失了其原因的部分,造成了一定程度上的理解偏差。而从法律拟制的视角来看,规定转化犯的原因就是基于法律拟制的需要。以此为基础,可以获得对转化犯性质的启示。     

谈对传统侦查方法的拓展——关于抢劫杀人案件侦查过程的研究

通过对近几年抢劫杀人案件侦查过程的研究发现,传统侦查方法在使用范围和方式上都有了拓展.快速反应机制的日益健全,使侦查人员在第一时间抓获犯罪嫌疑人的概率更大;指纹和DNA技术的发展,使侦查人员在现场勘查中更注意对它们的发现、提取和使用;手机、固定电话信息和监控录像信息是现代调查访问中的一个重要部分;公布案情、悬赏搜集情报、并案、特情等措施的综合运用能更有效地预防和打击抢劫杀人犯罪活动.     

民国时期土匪恐怖活动研究

土匪恐怖活动分析是一个非常复杂的问题，民国时期的土匪是中国社会转型的一个畸形产物，其活动范围之大，地域分布之辽阔，人数规模之多，危害性甚重都是空前绝后的。造成这种情况，因素和条件多种多样，细细的考察对于现代恐怖活动研究有很大的益处。     

息讼市场与利义融合——转型时代律师促进调解的可能及其实现

承担起促进调解的职能是转型中国法治建设进程中律师应有的理性认知和社会担当。律师参与调解具有充分的制度基础与实践积累,明确的服务内容和利益结构。律师参与调解有助于提升调解质量、提高调解效率、防范调解异化。为发挥律师对调解的促进功能,执业律师务必夯实专业基础,准确把握调解框架,丰富社会阅历,洞察纠纷成因出路,努力引导当事人迈向合作,达成自身经济诉求和正义责任的统一,并推助实现法律效果和社会效果的统一。     

Are we becoming more violent? A comparison of trends in violent and property offenses in Australia and Western Australia

This paper examines Australian and West Australian trends in robbery, assault, and burglary. Police figures are contrasted with the results of Australian victimization surveys. The limitations of Australian victimization surveys are discussed. The results of Australian victimization surveys are contrasted with the results of the National Crime Survey in the United States and the International Crime Victim Survey. When all the qualifications are considered, it is concluded that there has been a trend upward in burglary and robbery prevalence and that this upward trend occurred mainly in the 1980s. However, because there is little evidence of a concomitant rise in the assault rate, the increasing prevalence of robbery and burglary is interpreted as reflecting social phenomena that are associated with acquisitiveness rather than aggressiveness. Other evidence pertaining to the level of violence in Australia is considered and it is concluded that this is insufficient to allow a conclusion that we are, as a nation, becoming more violent.     

再探我国刑法中的转化犯

转化犯是刑法学界研究的热点之一 ,并存在很多争议。文章认为 ,转化犯是指在行为人实施的已构成某一故意犯罪 (本罪 )的基本行为的同时或者非法状态持续过程中 ,由于特定行为或结果的出现 ,使基本行为与特定行为或结果的结合该当另一较重的故意犯罪 (转化罪 )的构成要件 ,依法律规定以转化罪定罪处罚的犯罪形态。     

Motives in a Triple Spree Homicide

Juries, criminologists, prosecutors, law enforcement officials, and the lay public like to know the motive for a murder—especially when there are unusual features such as multiple victims, extensive injuries, or unexplainable acts to the bodies. However, many times the motive is not readily available from the murderer because he does not confess or he does not consciously know why he killed. The following case describes the analysis of multiple motives in a triple spree homicide committed in a very short time frame. Robbery was the primary motive for the first victim and sexual homicide was the motive for the second and third victims.