Technics over life: risk,ethics and the existential condition in high-tech antenatal care

The subject of this paper is the problem of selective abortion brought about by advanced techniques of foetal diagnosis. The issue of abortion today is analysed as an outcome and illustration of the emerging ‘vital politics’. The paper explores the technicality of this new form of bio-power, and the ethical practice and forms of subjectivity it imposes. Two main points are raised. First, it is argued that the implementation of state-of-the-art foetal diagnosis in clinical practice and maternity care is underlain by the rationales of control and experimentation. The ideas of risk and the dividual are introduced as the epistemic cornerstones of this practice of high-tech reproductive medicine according to the above rationales. Second, the paper argues that foetal diagnosis in antenatal care is characterised by an ethical split. This emerges when the machinery of reproductive health care withdraws into a position of technical responsibility and leaves the choice, and the ethical responsibility, concerning medical operations (selective abortion, in particular) to the pregnant woman. This suggests that high-tech biomedicine tends to individualise risks and to impose a form of ethical individuality characterised by the demand for reflexivity through personal risk assessment, producing the anxiety generated by existential responsibility.     

法的主体性与公共性的分立与契合——对构建法治社会和谐利益秩序的一点思考

法的主体性是指法体现的各主体的利益和意志的不平衡程度,法的公共性是指法体现全社会公共利益的程度,法的主体性与公共性是法的双重属性,它们既是分立的,又是契合的。追求利益秩序的和谐是法治的基本目标,欲实现这一目标,正确处理法的主体性与公共性的关系是其关键。     

不当得利之“利”的界定

研究不当得利制度需要考虑当事人的主观愿望,从民法利益的概念入手,不当得利应是财产利益,而且要求受益人保有利益时不具有正当性。在存在给付关系的不当得利返还中,应当依据给付目的不能实现和善意保护为判断不当得利返还关系当事人的依据,不能直接依据得失之间的因果关系。适用《涉外民事法律关系适用法》第47条时,需要从不当得利之利的主观性考虑,对共同经常居所地和不当得利发生地做适当解释。     

“偏”和“偏偏”的情态类型及主观性差异

虽然"偏"和"偏偏"在用法上有交叉和重合,但二者仍有彼此对立的语义内涵."偏"指向句子主语,说明主语的意志与潜在行为与语境中的预期相反."偏偏"指向说话人,说明客观事实与说话人预期相反,从而表达说话人的不满或意外."偏"和"偏偏"核心语义的不同决定了二者情态类型的差异,"偏"属于动力情态,"偏偏"属于评价情态.从主观性上看,"偏偏"的主观性比"偏"更强.情态和主观性的视角使得对"偏"和"偏偏"差异的认识进一步深化.     

论正义观对犯罪人刑事责任的影响——以正义观内涵的非恒定性为视角

社会关系决定下的正义具有主观性、具体性和变动性等特征,它在一个社会立法、司法、执法全过程中起着根本的指导作用,并直接决定着对法律的解释和对事实的认定,决定着定罪和量刑。正视正义的动态特征,对于正确处理案件,实现社会利益的平衡具有重要理论和现实意义。     

试论马克思主义中国化主体论的研究对象

马克思主义中国化主体论是关于马克思主义中国化主体性的理论研究,其研究对象主要围绕着马克思主义中国化的驱动主体及其表现样态、马克思主义中国化的主体性问题以及马克思主义中国化主体性有效发挥的规律性把握三个问题展开。     

人权全球化的主体性反思

在当今人权全球化的趋势下,对发展中国家而言,主体性论述必须成为人权全球化的基点.否则,往"左"发展中国家则可能会因丧失促进国内人权进步与改善国际人权法律秩序并谋取国家利益的机会而被边缘化,往"右"又可能堕入反对人权全球化观点所担忧的"人权西方中心主义"的境遇.发展中国家在人权全球化的趋势下,只有建立自己的人权论述,从而确立起人权全球化浪潮中的主体性,才能在人权全球化的趋势下获得正价值.     

论目的解释的主观性和客观性

目的解释是用探求目的的方法厘清冲突法律的关系,或者填补法律的漏洞。针对目的解释,存在激烈的争论,有的学者认为其主观性太大,容易导致法官过度能动,损害法律的权威;而有的学者则从目的解释的积极意义出发,全力维护目的解释。尽管各家有这样那样的分歧,但总的原则都是在维护法律解释的客观性,不允许解释者独断专行,将自己的意志作为法律,进行裁判。但是,作为法律解释方法之一的目的解释,尽管其探求的目的标榜是客观的,而不是法官个人的恣意,我们也不能、也不应该将目的解释的探究对象仅仅指向客观的目的。实际上,目的解释的主客观性就表现在其探究的对象(目的)的性质,而这个对象(目的)既具有主观性,又具有客观性。     

Thinking citizenship and its constitutive subject: interrogating the 2004 Irish citizenship referendum debate

This article considers a referendum which was held in the Republic of Ireland in 2004 involving a proposal to qualify the existing universal constitutional entitlement to birthright citizenship. Existing analysis of this referendum reflects dominant trends in citizenship scholarship. It does so by framing the issue in terms of two opposing perspectives – one particularistic (exclusive) and one universalistic (inclusive) – and positing the question of the ‘politics’ of citizenship as a trade-off between these diverging models. This article argues, however, that Rob (R.B.J.) Walker's notion of the constituent subject of (sovereign) politics challenges this dualistic framework as the necessary starting point for discussions about citizenship. It does so by problematizing the premise upon which it is based which is the taken-for-granted autonomous existence of persons (individuals) who are understood to be connected to, but ultimately separate from, ‘the state.’ This article concludes with reflections on what an alternative framework for exploring citizenship (based specifically on a historicization of subjectivity in relation to sovereignty) might look like. It suggests that this provides us with a different starting point to the prevalent form of a timeless dialectic of inclusion and exclusion, particularism and universalism, polis and cosmopolis currently determined by the boundaries of the Irish state.     

刑法解释的诠释学论说——刑法解释的构成解读

在诠释学的语境之下,刑法解释是一个诠释性的概念,是指正义理念、刑法规范与生活事实的相互对应。刑法解释是客观性和主观性的统一体,两者不可缺一。刑法解释的必要性,实际上是刑事法治和司法实践的要求,而刑法解释的可能性,则是司法运作和实现法治的基础。