真实关联度、证据间性与意指定律——谈证据符号学的三个基本概念

真实关联度指符号反映内容的真确性程度;证据间性指不同证据符号之间相互关联、相互补足的关系;意指定律指符号的意指关系决定了结构关系。这三个术语旨在说明证据符号学的基本理论原则:证据处在一个符号关系场内,由意指关系(真实关联度)和结构关系(证据间性)构成,意指定律就是支配该符号关系场的基本规则。这个证据符号关系场与事实真相交织而构成了一个神秘的意义世界,科学研究的全部任务在于承认并接受这种神秘性的同时,力图澄清它。     

论影响职务过失犯罪刑事责任程度的因素

职务过失犯罪刑事责任的程度,是确定职务过失犯罪主体刑事处罚轻重不可缺少的方面。职务 过失犯罪主体的职权所内涵的注意义务要求的不同、相关心理内容所反映的主观恶性的不同、行 为违反规范的数量的多少及犯罪结果的严重程度是影响职务过失犯罪刑事责任程度的因素。     

Family strategy of economic inequality among brothers in Korean rural society, 1690–1795

This article examines how inequality among brothers was practised as a family strategy in Korean south-eastern rural society from the end of the seventeenth to the late eighteenth century as a response to local economic changes. The Wolchon area experienced a process of downward levelling in this period. Using the household registers and land registers, the authors reconstituted 58 families with brothers who held land and 406 families who possessed nobi (‘serfs’ or ‘slaves’) for further examination. As a family strategy, most of these families attempted a strategy of unequal inheritance that resulted in maintaining high economic status for only one of the children among all the brothers. This child, in most cases, would be the eldest son, but also could be another son. The degree of inequality among brothers with regard to nobi-holding declined over time. Most families successfully maintained inequality, and through this family status, by efficiently practising the unequal inheritance strategy, while some families failed to keep the same level of inequality by the end of the eighteenth century. The degree of inequality among brothers is intimately connected to family property size. Each family sought its own strategy to suit the actual economic condition of the family. While very wealthy families attempted to give a similar inheritance to all brothers to provide an equal chance to each of them, less wealthy families reduced the survival chances of some children by the concentration of property given to only one child.     

Failings of Trauma‐Specific and Related Psychological Tests in Detecting Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Forensic Settings

Judges and juries tend to be particularly impressed by test data, especially quantitative test data. Psychometric tests specific for assessing the presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commonly employed by forensic mental health evaluators. Most of these instruments, however, have been designed to detect PTSD in treatment or research, and not forensic, settings. Those who rely on these measures without adequate awareness of their often significant limits in correctly identifying malingering may induce finders of fact to inordinately confidently accept the presence of PTSD. This article reviews problematic structural and content components of trauma‐specific and related instruments used to evaluate PTSD and discusses the utility of specific techniques liable to be used in forensic settings to “fool” these measures.     

Decomposition Rate and Pattern in Hanging Pigs

Accurate prediction of the postmortem interval requires an understanding of the decomposition process and the factors acting upon it. A controlled experiment, over 60 days at an outdoor site in the northwest of England, used 20 freshly killed pigs (Sus scrofa) as human analogues to study decomposition rate and pattern. Ten pigs were hung off the ground and ten placed on the surface. Observed differences in the decomposition pattern required a new decomposition scoring scale to be produced for the hanging pigs to enable comparisons with the surface pigs. The difference in the rate of decomposition between hanging and surface pigs was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Hanging pigs reached advanced decomposition stages sooner, but lagged behind during the early stages. This delay is believed to result from lower variety and quantity of insects, due to restricted beetle access to the aerial carcass, and/or writhing maggots falling from the carcass.     

论新形势下大学本科双学位教育的实施策略

随着社会经济的飞速发展,社会需要更多的＂厚基础、宽口径、高素质＂复合型人才,双学位教育是培养复合型人才的重要途径。因此对新形势下实施双学位教育的意义、存在的问题进行了初步探讨,并就新形势下如何实施这种创新的人才培养模式进行了阐述,对进一步推动双学位教育具有一定的参考意义。     

以新制度经济学的视角看政府改革

随着经济体制改革的深入,对行政体制改革提出了迫切要求。然而,行政体制改革的阻力和难度之大往往令人难以理解而感到失望。如果用新制度经济学的理论来分析,可以看出,国家也是一个组织或一种制度安排。国家有其自己的利益和目标,与社会的要求并不完全一致。国家也存在“内部人控制”的问题。在“内部人主导型”的改革中,国家会利用所掌握的权力维护自身的利益,抵制改革,成为制度变迁过程中的障碍。这是任何政府改革都存在的问题。     

相对程度副词句法语义分析

按照比较对象是否由“比”引介，可将相对程度副词分为不能用于比字句的和能用于比字句的两类。前的比较对象或范围有时出现在上下，但更常见的是被省略或隐含；后中的“稍微”一组的比较对象除了可由“比”引介，还可以其他形式出现在上下或作为隐合成分；“更”、“还”、“越发”一组在三种句式中存在句法语义的异同。“还”和“越发”的句法语义大致对立互补，而“更”的句法语义功能则大致是前二的加合。     

损伤程度鉴定中的临床资料分析

作者根据１８１例损伤程度鉴定档案，与用于鉴定的病历材料作对照比较进行回顾性研究，并依据二者表现出的各自特点及差异，从损伤程度鉴定的角度，就法医临床学与临床医学的学科间关系作了初步探讨。     

人脑挫伤后细胞周期素D1表达的变化

目的研究CyclinD1在人不同部位脑挫伤组织中表达的变化及其与损伤时间的关系。方法88例脑挫伤标本按损伤后存活时间0.5,1,3,24h和3,7,14,30d分为8个实验组,另以6例非脑挫伤的脑作为对照组,应用CyclinD1免疫组织化学并结合图像分析技术观察CyclinD1的变化。结果脑挫伤后,挫伤灶中央CyclinD1阳性细胞几乎丧失,1h后挫伤灶周围CyclinD1阳性细胞开始增加,3h～30d之间各组挫伤灶周围免疫阳性反应的细胞增加显著,在3h～30d一直维持在较高水平;CyclinD1主要见于小胶质细胞和其它胶质细胞,少数神经元也呈阳性。结论人脑挫伤后,CyclinD1在多种脑细胞内表达,以胶质细胞表达明显,CyclinD1阳性细胞在伤后不久即显著增加,故可作为早期脑损伤的诊断指标。