Thermal requirements of immature stages of Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as a common forensically important fly

Entomological material may be used to estimate the time since death occurred (postmortem interval, PMI) in forensically obscure cases. The method that is commonly used to calculate minimum post-mortem interval (mPMI, i.e., the least amount of time since one can be confident death occurred) is based on the relationship between insect development and ambient temerature. Isomegalen and isomorphen diagrams are among methods allowing to calculate the age of necorphagous insects, yet thermal summation models provide the most precise and acurate estimations. The digrams are prepared based on the length or the developmental stages of the larvae as a function of time and mean ambient temperature. A knowledge of thermal requirements, in particular lower temperature threshold (D_z) at which development of a species terminates, is of essential importance to calculate ADD (Accumulated Degree Days). In this study different temperature regimes were used to construct the isomorphen diagram, examinate changes in larval body length at different ambient temperatures and to estimate the thermal requirements for developemnt of Chrysomya albiceps, the most common dipteran species reported on human and animal cadavers in Iran. Six development events including hatching, 1st ecdysis, 2nd ecdysis, wandering, pupariation and eclosion were studied under eleven constant temperature regims (17–37 ⁰C). The development rate of Ch. albiceps increased as temperature increased. The larval length peaked at the end of third stage and then decreased at wandering stage. The maximum larval length occurred at 72 h post oviposition at either 31, 33, or 35 °C. At 17 °C, larvae did not hatch from eggs and at 37 °C wandering larvae did not proceed to pupariation, and thus larval development were analysed at the nine left over temperatures. The development stages required at least (D_z ± SE) 13.04 ± 0.37, 14.29 ± 0.45, 15.69 ± 0.56, 15.18 ± 0.56, 14.94 ± 0.48, and 11.23 ± 0.41 °C to reach one of the successive developmentl events, respectively. The estimated thermal summation constant (k) for those the six events were 10.43 ± 0.27, 19.31 ± 0.32, 27.87 ± 1.3, 55.94 ± 1.82, 66.69 ± 3.5, and 143.52 ± 5.61 ADD accordingly.     

Modification of the Marmarou and Foda model of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) improves percentage survival of rats at 24 h and increases the amount of DAI identified

More than two decades ago, Marmarou published a valid model for producing diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in rats. Since then, both mild and severe injuries have been obtained by researchers using the original method and a weight of 450 g. However, the diffuse brain injuries produced in rats were only similar to those seen in humans when the rats sustained severe brain injuries. In these cases, rat mortality in the original article was around 50%, and the cause of death was prolonged apnea post-impact. Rat survival after impact is critical for studying the progression of DAI. In order to explain the cause of death in human victims with cranial trauma who do not show gross brain injury, testing for the presence of DAI is essential. Thus, in order to minimize local and cervical injuries to increase rat survival, attention should be paid to the following aspects: a wider head protector disc should be used, the head of the rat should be elevated at the time of impact, and the foam bed should be soft enough to allow the movement caused by acceleration. With our modified method, rat survival increased by 30% compared to the original model (80% versus 50%). Moreover, 85.7% of rats demonstrated DAI after 24 h of survival. With these modifications, injuries appear in the same locations as in humans; thus, the method is suitable for the study of traumatic DAI in humans.     

基于灰色关联分析的文化产业发展影响因素研究——以浙江省为例

文章构建了文化产业发展影响因素的指标体系,根据2004-2011年的统计数据,利用灰色关联度模型实证研究了影响浙江省文化产业发展的经济因素、资源因素、技术因素和市场因素,并与文化产业发展较快的省市进行了比较。研究结果表明,近几年浙江省文化产业发展主要依赖于快速增长的经济的带动及信息技术在文化产业中的广泛运用,文化消费的不足及文化人才的缺乏制约了文化产业的进一步发展,文化市场本身的内生驱动作用还未得到充分发挥。为此,文章提出了相应的对策建议。     

管制行业反垄断执法权配置分析——以管制度为视角

管制行业在不同程度上存在着反垄断执法问题,其执法权配置有多种模式可供选择,但从管制度的角度看,这一执法权配置应是从行业管制机构向反垄断专门执法机关逐步移转的过程,这也是大多数国家或地区立法与实践的发展趋向,因此,我国相关立法也应作相应完善.     

颅脑损伤后血液中S100β含量与损伤程度的关系

目的探讨血清中S100β蛋白含量与创伤性脑损伤程度的关系及法医学意义。方法选取健康体检者、颅脑损伤患者和其他创伤患者各30名作为研究对象,再根据入院时的GCS评分,将颅脑损伤患者分为轻中型组（GCS≥8分）和重型组（GCS〈8分）。用ELISA法对上述研究对象血清中S100β蛋白含量进行检测。结果在脑外伤6h内,颅脑损伤组血清S100β蛋白含量较正常对照组和创伤对照组升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;重型组与轻中型组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。血清中S100β蛋白含量越高,患者颅脑损伤程度越严重。结论S100β蛋白可作为早期检测创伤性颅脑损伤的指标之一,其含量越高,颅脑损伤程度越重。     

Patient Profiles of Criminal Behavior in the Context of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to significant post‐traumatic disturbances in mood and behavior, with the frontal lobes playing a key role in emotional and behavioral regulation. Injury to the frontal lobe can result in disinhibition and aggression which can result in police intervention and/or incarceration. We highlight four adult cases with a history of severe TBI with frontal lobe injuries and the presence of post‐TBI criminal behaviors. There is evidence to support an anatomical basis for aggressive behaviors, yet there are other risk factors to be considered. Behaviors must be investigated thoroughly by obtaining adequate pre‐ and post‐TBI psychiatric and psychosocial histories. By having a comprehensive understanding of aggression while appreciating the complex relationship between TBI, aggression, and premorbid risk factors, clinicians can more adequately treat patients with TBI, with the aim of potentially preventing criminal behaviors and recidivism.     

中国黑龙江地区汉族未成年人的牙钙化程度及年龄推断

目的探讨未成年人牙齿钙化程度与其年龄的关系,建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断未成年人年龄的方法。方法拍摄黑龙江地区1510名未成年人（男737名,女773名,年龄6～15周岁）牙齿曲面断层影像片,利用计算机观察全口曲面断层影像片中下颌恒牙牙位处钙化程度的影像特征,并建立牙齿钙化分级评分标准,然后根据此标准对下颌牙齿进行分级评分;将其结果输入SPSS13.0软件统计,按α=0.05对牙齿钙化分值分性别分年龄段组进行非参数检验和与年龄的相关性分析,最终建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断年龄的回归方程。结果同名牙左右侧无差异（P〉0.05）,而性别间有差异（P〈0.05）;男女性下颌牙齿的钙化程度均与年龄高度相关（r〉0.7）;所建方程模型合理可靠,盲测结果显示推断年龄与实际年龄间无统计学差异,误差绝对值的平均值男性为（0.367±0.257）岁,女性为（0.367±0.245）岁。结论本研究中未成年人牙齿钙化程度随年龄的增长而呈现增高趋势,直至完全钙化;根据牙齿钙化程度建立的回归方程可用于未成年人活体以及无名尸体的年龄推断。     

The Influence of Preburial Insect Access on the Decomposition Rate

Abstract: This study compared total body score (TBS) in buried remains (35 cm depth) with and without insect access prior to burial. Sixty rabbit carcasses were exhumed at 50 accumulated degree day (ADD) intervals. Weight loss, TBS, intra‐abdominal decomposition, carcass/soil interface temperature, and below‐carcass soil pH were recorded and analyzed. Results showed significant differences (p << 0.001) in decomposition rates between carcasses with and without insect access prior to burial. An approximately 30% enhanced decomposition rate with insects was observed. TBS was the most valid tool in postmortem interval (PMI) estimation. All other variables showed only weak relationships to decomposition stages, adding little value to PMI estimation. Although progress in estimating the PMI for surface remains has been made, no previous studies have accomplished this for buried remains. This study builds a framework to which further comparable studies can contribute, to produce predictive models for PMI estimation in buried human remains.     

学位评定立法：原则、主体、程序和救济

在学位评定制度立法中,应奉行标准化和多样性平衡、学术性和行政性衔接的原则。应确立答辩委员会与学校学位评定委员会这两个学位评定主体,形成答辩委员会实施实质性审查、学校学位评定委员会进行形式性审查的二级评审体系。同时,必须对评定程序作出细密谨严的规定并应形成校内申诉、行政复议和行政诉讼的三步骤救济机制。     

交通事故致癫痫大发作伤残等级鉴定43例分析

目的研究交通事故脑外伤致癫痫大发作者伤残等级评定的影响因素,探讨癫痫大发作伤残等级评定中的注意事项。对象与方法应用SPSS软件．统计2006年1月至2007年12月本中心受理的交通事故致癫痫大发作鉴定案例共43例,对受伤时年龄、初次癫痫发作时间、损伤部位与伤残等级的相关性进行分析,并对外伤性癫痫的认定方法进行探讨。结果左、右两侧大脑半球脑损伤致癫痫大发作后伤残等级比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,20岁以下者与60岁以上者脑损伤后癫痫的伤残等级比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,20岁以下者与20岁以上（未达60岁）脑损伤后癫痫的伤残等级比较无统计学意义（P〈0．05）;癫痫初次发作时间不同的各组间伤残等级比较无统计学意义（P〈0．05）。影像学（CT片、MRI片）资料是确定外伤性癫痫的必备条件,而脑电图检查则是参考条件。结论根据损伤部位、影像学表现等认定外伤性癫痫。并对癫痫大发作做出准确的伤残等级鉴定。