Orthodontic Treatment: Real Risk for Dental Age Estimation in Adults?

Dental age estimation becomes a challenge once the root formation is concluded. In living adults, one dental age indicator is the formation of secondary dentine, also associated with orthodontic treatment as well as root shortening. The aim of this study was to establish whether these secondary effects of orthodontic treatment could generate a statistically significant difference in dental age estimations when using Kvaal's method. The study sample included 34 pairs of pre‐ and postorthodontic panoramic radiographs, from different individuals with exactly the same age and sex distribution. Females 65%, median age 17.5 years, and males 35%, median age 22.5 years, were included. After data collection, dental age was estimated per tooth using formulae previously published. The risk of obtaining over‐estimation of age was calculated. (RR = 1.007). The changes caused by orthodontic treatment do not have any significant effect on age estimation when Kvaal et al.'s method is applied on panoramic radiographs.     

论重新架构我国医患纠纷的多元化处理机制

综观我国现行医患纠纷处理机制,医患双方协商多隐含非公平、非自愿成分,卫生行政调解基本处于闲置状态,民事审判的权威与效率难以实现,而医疗责任鉴定的公平与权威备受质疑,因此,该机制不能适应妥善处理医患纠纷这一社会热点问题的需求。多元化纠纷解决机制（ADR）的发展及运行表明,多种性质、功能、程序不同的纠纷解决机制,各有其运行空间,且能形成功能互补,而非诉讼纠纷解决机制本身具备的意思自治、非对抗性、开放性等特点决定其对处置医患纠纷具有较强的适用性。重新架构与配置我国医患纠纷多元化处理机制的设想为：保留但限制医患双方自行和解,设立医事仲裁和医患纠纷第三方专业调解制度,以医、法结合的原则对医患纠纷的审判及鉴定机制加以改进,并建立审判机关与鉴定机构在医疗事实认定与过错责任确认方面的协同机制,形成多元化机制并存、互补的良性结构。     

彭真同志的“严打”思想研究

＂严打＂思想是彭真同志首先提出来的。在将彭真＂严打＂思想转化为党中央＂严打＂决策的过程中,起关键作用的是邓小平。彭真＂严打＂思想的主要内容包括：＂严打＂政策的提出是由客观形势决定的;＂严打＂的对象是严重刑事犯罪和经济犯罪,措施是依法从重、从快严厉打击,原则是实事求是,因地制宜;＂严打＂要想取得全面胜利,必须和综合治理同时进行,特别是要做好劳改、劳教工作;＂严打＂斗争具有长期性、艰巨性和复杂性,必须紧密依靠党的领导,走专门机关和群众路线相结合的道路。彭真＂严打＂思想中所体现的思想方法和工作方法,所包括的许多反映了社会治安规律的结论,对于我们做好社会治安工作具有重要的现实指导意义。     

国际海运温室气体减排法律问题探析

近年来,国际海运温室气体排放问题逐渐引起了国际社会的广泛关注,国际海事组织在《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的授权下进行了包括立法在内的诸多努力并取得了一定的成果。本文在对国际海事组织构建的国际海运温室气体减排法律框架进行厘清的基础上,就其框架中体现出的"不优惠待遇"原则及相关的减排机制进行分析,认为相关制度还有待调整以符合大多数国家的利益。     

Explaining the Effectiveness of Heroin-assisted Treatment on Crime Reductions

This study examines the relationship between heroin-assisted treatment versus methadone maintenance and the criminal activity of 1,015 individuals participating in a German model project. The main objective is to investigate how these treatments contribute to a decline of criminal behavior. The analyses are based upon self-reported criminal offence and police data on alleged criminals. Logistic regression is employed to explain the variance in the 12-month prevalence 1 year after program admission. The results clearly show a decline of criminal offences among participants receiving maintenance treatment; this decline was significantly greater in the heroin group with respect to property crimes and drug offences. The multivariate analysis reveals that the effects are due to a decrease of illegal drug use and absence from the drug scene.     

不平等——农民问题的解读

平等是人类社会成员基于人的属性应当受到一致性尊重和满足的待遇,包括平等享有和平等对待两个方面。农民问题就是不平等的问题,表现为农民在资源享有上存在的差距超过了社会公平的底限,以及农民在生活中被不平等对待突破了道德标准。     

WHEN IT HAPPENS IN A FAMILY: AIDING PARENTS OF SUBSTANCE‐ABUSING ADOLESCENTS*

This article first summarizes key data on the scope of teen substance abuse and the lack of teen access to needed treatment services. It then describes how and why attorneys may be helpful to parents who discover their teen's drug or alcohol problem and seek advice and counsel about the legal implications of various actions that can or may be taken. The article explores such issues as parents finding illegal drugs in the house or on their teen's person, various modalities of treatment and how family members are involved, how parents might secure residential evaluations for their youth without the necessity of juvenile court involvement (and why this is important), concerns about placing youth in unlicensed residential treatment facilities, health insurance coverage issues, home drug testing, and how past American Bar Association (ABA) policy on youth drug and alcohol abuse is being followed up with a new ABA project to aid parents of substance‐abusing teenagers and their families.     

反垄断从宽处理制度及其中国化

Aiming at attracting cartel members to surrender or expose illegal acts of others by reducing or exempting them from public law responsibilities, the leniency program in anti-monopoly law is an effective mechanism throughout the world to discover and crack cartels. The leniency program can be divided into various categories, all of which are based on three preconditions: Filing an application, providing effective information and fully cooperating with anti-monopoly authorities. China has a legal tradition similar to the program as well as legal grounds for establishing such program. However, implementation of the program in China may face potential problems arising from various factors including inner conflicts of the anti-monopoly legal regime, ambiguity of enforcement rights and weakness and lack of administrative law liabilities. Li Junfeng, Ph.D, is a lecturer at Shanghai University, an attorney-at-law, and a legal adviser of Shanghai Entrepreneur Coalition. His major research is on law and economy, competition law and commercial law. He presided or participated some projects funded by Shanghai governmental institutions. He has released over ten articles in academic journals, such as Studies in Comparative Legal Science, Economic Law Forum, Economic Review, etc. His monograph — Research on Private Enforcement of Anti-monopoly Law — is to be published.     

Heterogeneous effects of adolescent violent victimization on problematic outcomes in early adulthood*

Violent victimization—particularly when it happens to young people—can inflict a wide array of negative consequences across the life course. Nevertheless, some victims are more likely to suffer these consequences than others, and we do not have a very good understanding of why that is. One promising avenue of research is to examine how individuals’ differential risks of being victimized affect the extent to which they experience negative outcomes. By using propensity score matching and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 8,323), in this study I estimate the heterogeneous effects of adolescent violent victimization on several problematic outcomes in early adulthood (violent and property offending, subsequent violent victimization, depressive symptoms, hard drug use, and low educational attainment). Individuals’ differential risks of adolescent violent victimization are estimated with a host of personal, social, and contextual factors, including prior experiences with crime and violence. The results show that the consequences of adolescent victimization in early adulthood are more pronounced for youth with the lowest risks of being victimized. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and they emphasize that the consequences of victimization cannot be understood separately from the sources of victimization.     

Unexpected Human Fatality Associated with Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Heat Treatment

Thermal insect treatments can be an effective method of controlling cryptic insect pests, particularly bed bugs, in residential settings. The treatments require high heat over a sustained timeframe. Residents are not present during treatment but return after completion. An unexpected death was investigated following heat treatment for bed bugs in the home of an elderly female, found with a postmortem axillary temperature of 106.2°F (41.2°C) approximately 8 h after returning home. The cause of death was classified as hyperthermia with a contributory cause of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. The manner of death was an accident. The decedent had medical history and medications that could have impaired her ability to dissipate heat. Furthermore, the air conditioning inside the residence was not functional following treatment. Recommendations including education regarding heat stroke and treatment, re‐entry timeframes, and/or temperature thresholds are suggested to reduce the risk of heat‐related injury or death in vulnerable populations.