Tominaga Nakamoto and the Origin of Japan's Oriental Studies

Tominaga Nakamoto, a Japanese scholar of the early 18th century, changed the basic pattern of Japans Buddhist and Confucianist studies with his books Shutsujō Kōgo (Words after Enlightenment) and Okina no Fumi (The Writings of an Old Man). In the former book, based on his analysis of Chinese culture in terms of Confucianism and Indian culture from the viewpoint of Buddhism, he compared Indian, Chinese and Japanese culture and summarized their characteristics with the words “fanciful”, “elegant” and “simple” respectively. In the meantime, in combing through the development of Buddhism he put forward a set of key concepts in relation to his research methodology, extending his domain from country-specific studies to Asia regional studies and finally Oriental studies. In the latter book, he used the concept “makoto”, roughly meaning “practicing the good”, to synthesize the Way of the three nations. His study transformed Japanese Confucianism and Buddhism from a system of belief to an academic field. Despite his rational analysis and criticism of the traditional oriental culture, Tominaga consciously identified with it and inherited it. As the first scholar in early modern Japan who developed his own research methodology, Tominaga is the trailblazer of Oriental studies.     

自然法思想对民法和国际法的贡献

自然法理论与罗马法学相结合,使罗马法优越于同时代其他国家的法律;自然法观念促使人们发出对法典化的呼唤,著名的《法国民法典》和《德国民法典》得以诞生;自然法是国际法的基础或渊源。     

公共行政的范式转换及其政府信任问题

政府信任是政府和公众之间基于公共利益的博弈互动关系,符合公共利益的行政价值理念将为政府提供持久的、合法的信任源泉。从官僚制到新公共管理,由于片面注重管理主义工具价值,而忽视公共利益和民主价值,不可避免地面临着政府信任的困境。民主行政作为新公共行政的学术识别系统,坚持和发展公共利益价值取向,实现价值理性和工具理性的统一,符合人类理性与社会公共利益均衡健康发展的内在需要,必然会全新构建和强化公众与政府的互信合作关系。     

Citizens’ Perceptions of Governance in Rural and Urban China

This article presents three main findings from a purposive stratified survey of urban and rural residents. First, Chinese citizens “disaggregate” the state with high levels of satisfaction for Central government that fall dramatically as government gets closer to the people. Satisfaction levels are noticeably lower for those in rural China. Second, attitudes about the way policy is implemented by local governments raise concerns. Irrespective of place of residence, respondents feel that when implementing policy local officials and governments are mainly concerned with their own interests, are more receptive to the views of their superiors rather than those of ordinary people, favor those with money, and are formalistic in implementing policy rather than dealing with actual problems. Third, the areas of work that citizens would really like government to concentrate on are job creation and providing basic guarantees to protect against the shocks of the transition to a market economy. Tony Saich is the Daewoo Professor of International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and Director of the Harvard University Asia Center. His recent research focuses on the development of social policy in China, particularly on the provision of public goods by local governments. His publications include Governance and Politics of China by Palgrave and edited volumes on Financial Sector Reform in China (with Yasheng Huang and Edward Steinfeld) and AIDS and Social Policy in China (with Joan Kaufman and Arthur Kleinman both by Harvard University Asia Center. He would like to thank Edward Cunningham for his great help in preparing this article. He also wants to thank Victor Yuan (Horizon Market Research Company) for his tremendous help in designing the survey and implementing it. In addition, I would like to thank Anita Chan, Martin King Whyte and two anonymous reviewers for their extremely helpful comments on an earlier draft.     

Managerial autonomy: does it matter for the performance of water utilities?

The public administration literature asserts that autonomy is central to performance. In this article we develop a managerial autonomy index, which we apply to 22 water utilities in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The 16 items that underlie our composite autonomy index display a high degree of internal consistency. This speaks for the validity of the autonomy concept. We find that the autonomy scores of the 22 utilities vary widely. We also find strong and positive associations between autonomy scores and six out of eight key performance indicators. Our results support the idea that autonomy is central to the performance of water service providers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地方政府执行力问题探析

政府执行力是维系一个政府机构生存和发展的决定性力量。提高政府执行力,是加强执政能力建设,推动政府工作落实,实践和落实科学发展观的重要保证。     

云南省11个民族腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)频率的分布调查

采用电泳技术对云南省汉、彝、自、傣、哈尼、瑶、布朗、基诺、拉祜、佤及苦聪等11个民族的ADA 进行了表型分布调查。并对-20℃、4℃、室温(20℃左右)保存的血痕ADA 活性进行了测定。在汉族人群中发现了一例ADA4-1稀有型,家系调查表明其是由父亲遗传下来的。     

损伤皮肤中白三烯B_4含量测定与损伤时间推断

本文作者利用高压液相色谱,快速检测大鼠皮肤切创创缘组织中白三烯B_4含量。结果发现,生前各损伤时间组创缘中白三烯B_4含量明显升高,且在1小时内与损伤时间有一定线性关系;死后损伤标本未见白三烯B_4含量升高。由此表明白三烯B_4含量测定,对推断生前1小时内的损伤时间有重要价值。高压液相色谱能快速、准确地检测损伤组织中的白三烯B_4。     

过敏性休克死亡机体内白三烯变化的研究

本研究采用反相洗脱高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测青霉素和血清过敏休克致死机体中自三烯(Leukotrienes,LTs)。(1)过敏休克前血中未检出LTs的任一组分,休克死亡后检出LTB_4和LTD_4。青霉素过敏血中LTB_4含量是10.10±4.76(ng/ml),LTD_4是26.75±6.55(ng/ml),未检出LTC_4和LTF_4。(2)正常动物肺,脾和肾中均未检出LTs。过敏休克的肺,脾和肾中不仅检出LTB_4和LTD_4,而且在不同脏器中呈规律分布。青霉素过敏肺中LTs_4是23.75±3.80(ng/g),LTD4是58.58±11.39(ng/g))未检出LTC_4和LTE_4。脾中仅有LTB_424.36±3.62(ng/g)。肾中仅有LTD_12.17±2.55(ng/g)。(3)过敏休克致死机体置室温6或12h,或置冰箱48h再测LTs,未见明显变化。(4)青霉素和血清诱发的过敏休克中,LTs的增加和分布是一致的。本研究提示:LTs含量和分布的变化是过敏性休克所共有,可为过敏性休克急死的法医学死因检定提供有价值的证据。     

关于“包二奶”的刑事立法思考

新的婚姻法实施已有数月 ,但“包二奶”现象并没有得到有效遏制。基于此 ,作者对“包二奶”的含义、主体、形式以及所造成的后果进行了综合和归纳 ;并从刑事立法的角度思考 ,认为将“包二奶”行为纳入刑法调控范围 ,有其应然性和必要性 ;最后 ,作者对当前几种关于“包二奶”的刑事立法设计进行了质疑 ,并提出了抗制“包二奶”的初步构想 ;增设已婚非法同居罪。