A Method for Estimating Sex Using the Clavicle,Humerus, Radius,and Ulna

Sex estimation from skeletal remains can be an important part of preliminary identification. The best source of information for estimating sex is the pelvis but it is not always available for analysis. For these cases, a probabilistic sex estimation method is presented using combinations of standard and alternative measurements of the clavicle, humerus, radius, and ulna. Various equations are developed that are not population specific and that are applicable in various recovery scenarios. The equations were tested using four independent samples (n > 370), including a forensic sample. Allocation accuracies vary by test sample and equation and are consistently good (87.4–97.5%) except for a sample of very small males that show the extreme effects of poverty and mortality bias. For many of the cases where allocation was incorrect, the probabilistic approach indicated that no confidence should be placed in the incorrect allocation and the unknown should be classified as sex indeterminate.     

Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath Test

Abstract: The alcohol breath test (ABT) has been used for quantification of ethyl alcohol in individuals suspected of driving under the influence for more than 50 years. In this time, there has been little change in the concepts underlying this single breath test. The old model, which assumes that end‐exhaled breath alcohol concentration is closely related to alveolar air alcohol concentration, is no longer acceptable. This paper reviews experimental research and mathematical modeling which has evaluated the pulmonary exchange processes for ethyl alcohol. Studies have shown that alcohol exchanges dynamically with the airway tissue both during inspiration and expiration. The airway tissue interaction makes it impossible to deliver air with alveolar alcohol concentration to the mouth. It is concluded that the ABT is dependent on physiological factors that need to be assessed for accurate testing.     

Motor Vehicle Occupants,Neck Injuries,and Seat Belt Utilization: A 5‐Year Study of Fatalities in New York City

Abstract: Despite the implementation of numerous safety devices in automobiles, vehicular occupant fatalities following collisions remain common. We reviewed all fatalities of vehicular occupants in New York City over a 5‐year period on whom autopsies were performed (437) to determine the incidence of neck injuries and correlate them with seat belt utilization; 26.5% had neck injuries (mild to severe) and only 10.3% of these occupants were confirmed to be wearing seatbelts. Of those that had documentation of seat belt utilization there were twice as many neck injuries in the unbelted group. We highlight two cases of submarining with severe neck injuries that were related to automatic 2‐point shoulder harness restraints without engagement of the lap belt.     

通督调神针灸法对局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠皮质区CD34、CD133及血清VEGFR-2表达的影响

目的 探究通督调神针灸法对局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型（middle cerebral artery occlusion model/reperfusion model,MCAO/R）大鼠脑保护及血管新生的作用。方法 将150只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、通督调神针灸组、常规针刺组、通心络药物组和模型对照组,每组30只。通督调神针灸组取百会穴艾灸,大椎穴刺络放血;常规针刺组选取风池、曲池、合谷、足三里、三阴交针刺治疗;通心络药物组予以通心络胶囊,每日每次1.0 g/kg灌胃。假手术组、模型对照组不予治疗;其余各组每日治疗1次,共28 d。治疗第7、14、21、28天处死大鼠立即取脑,脑组织石蜡包埋后切片,免疫组织化学法检测缺血皮质区CD34、CD133阳性表达,采用ELISA法检测VEGFR-2的表达。结果 MCAO/R大鼠缺血皮质区CD34、CD133及血清VEGFR-2表达量在第7天较高,随后逐渐降低;通督调神针灸法、常规针刺及通心络药物均可不同程度促进MCAO/R模型大鼠缺血皮质区CD34、CD133及血清VEGFR-2表达（P<0.05）,且通督调神针灸法促进MCAO/R模型大鼠缺血皮质区CD34、CD133及血清VEGFR-2表达水平高于常规针刺及通心络药物（P<0.05）。结论 通督调神针灸法能有效促进MCAO/R大鼠缺血皮质区CD34、CD133及血清VEGFR-2表达。     

基于网络药理学及分子对接探究银翘散“异病同治”小儿急性上呼吸道感染及小儿病毒性心肌炎作用机制

目的 采用网络药理学与分子对接方法探究银翘散“异病同治”小儿急性上呼吸道感染(acute upper respiratory infection in children, AURIC)及小儿病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis in children, VMC)的共同分子机制。方法 利用TCMSP数据库及CNKI数据库筛选银翘散的活性成分及靶点;通过GeneCards数据库和OMIM数据库分别筛选AURIC和VMC的相关靶点,获取银翘散与AURIC、VMC三者的交集靶点;利用Cytoscape 3.9.1软件构建“银翘散—成分—靶点”网络,分析重点活性成分;使用STRING数据库通过构建交集靶点的PPI网络以分析核心靶点;使用DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析;利用Autodock Tools软件对核心靶点及主要成分进行分子对接。结果 筛选出银翘散129个活性成分,264个作用靶点;银翘散与AURIC、VMC共119个交集靶点;银翘散—成分—靶点网络的构建得出槲皮素、山柰酚、木犀草素、柚皮素、豆甾醇为排名前5的主要成分;PPI网络构建后得出STAT...     

渭河上游前仰韶文化农业发展水平新论

距今8200年至6900年，渭河上游就已经出现了以种植黍（糜子）、粟（谷子）和油菜等旱作农作物，饲养猪、狗、羊和鸡等家禽家畜为标志的农耕经济，但与采集和狩猎经济相比，农耕经济处于次要地位，“刀耕火种”不占优势。早期农业并未脱离“刀耕火种”和以补充生活所需为目的的原始阶段。学术界对其农业发展水平估计过高。     

The Swiss Upper House: ‘Chambre de Réflexion’ or Conservative Renegades?

Theoretical analyses suggest that bicameral systems have policy consequences if the preferences of the two chambers differ. This paper offers an analysis of the ideological positions of the MPs in the two chambers of the Swiss parliament. Contrary to conventional wisdom the analyses relying on MP surveys and roll call analyses suggest that the MPs of the same party hardly differ with respect to their ideological positions. While the MP survey suggests that the Swiss upper house is more conservative given the underrepresentation of leftist parties in the latter chamber, similar differences fail to appear in the roll call analyses in a systematic way. Hence, the Swiss upper house is hardly a conservative bastion.     

Deaths associated with choking in San Diego county

Death from choking is the fourth most common cause of unintentional-injury mortality, but little data are published on causes or locations of these episodes. These deaths typically are peaked at the extremes of age, with young children and the elderly having the greatest rate of fatal choking. Our objective was to characterize the causes of fatal airway obstruction in adults. The San Diego County Medical Examiner's database was searched for deaths attributed to choking in decedents 18 years and older during the 10-year period from 1994 to 2004. Data were abstracted regarding the underlying medical conditions, items choked on, location of the choking, and treatments involved in the individual cases. We found 133 victims who died from choking, with 14% having using alcohol or other sedatives and 55% having a documented neurological deficit or anatomic difficulty with swallowing. The most common specified food objects that victims choked on were meat products, and 45% occurred at home, followed by 26% at supervised facilities, and 14% at restaurants. Of the 19 choking episodes occurring in restaurants, only one employee was documented to attempt a resuscitative effort. Most victims who choked to death had an underlying neurological deficit, and occurred at home or supervised facilities appear to have an appropriate initial-response intervention.     

伪满时期日本的蒙古族上层政策

"九一八"事变后,日本为建立殖民统治的"新国家",极力策动内蒙部分上层人物、分裂分子组织武装,乘机暴乱,大搞民族分裂的"独立"、"自治"运动。伪满洲国成立后,日本为稳定殖民统治,对内蒙古地区的管理形式采取了以蒙古"王公为中心"体制的所谓"民族自治"的怀柔政策。当伪满洲国各级政权完全控制在日本人手中的时候,便开始废除传统的蒙古王公制度,实行"特权奉上",蒙古王公享受了两个多世纪的特权被彻底剥夺。     

Occlusion of left and right coronary arteries and coronary sinus following blunt chest trauma

Blunt chest trauma from rapid automobile airbag deployment causing coronary artery occlusion and myocardial infarction is a rare but potentially fatal condition. We present the case of a 37-year-old man who developed extensive anterior and inferior myocardial infarction because of occlusion of both left anterior and right coronary arteries following blunt injury to the chest in a car accident. The patient was scheduled for emergency coronary angiography but left and right coronary ostia were not cannulated because of thrombus formation probably. The patient died, and the autopsy revealed external compression by epicardial hematomas involving separately left and right coronary arteries and the coronary sinus without signs of coronary and/or aortic dissection. To our knowledge, this is the first case presenting occlusion of both coronary arteries secondary to blunt chest trauma causing acute myocardial infarction in a young man without signs of prior coronary artery disease.