如何反思两性关系与两性差异--就《从兽性到人性》一书观点与张敦福先生商榷

本文主要从三个方面与张敦福先生的《从兽性到人性》中关于两性关系的理论及主要观点进行商榷。认为,用达尔文的生物进化论作为解释人类文化的理论基础并不合适,用文明社会的性别材料解释男女两性差别也不合适,因而作者关于男女两性差别的论述也就不能成立。     

Sex and ethnic differences in past aggressive behaviors

To investigate gender and ethnic differences in experiences of violence, 415 Black and White males and females were asked about some of their aggressive behaviors in the past. In their most aggressive encounters, males were more likely than females to have received and instigated physical violence and females to have experienced violence in a sexual context; same-sex aggression was more common than cross-sex violence. More males than females had urged or screamed at others to be more aggressive, with males more likely to incite other males and females to urge other females to be aggressive. Males were more likely than females to have last been angry with a male, and a number of sex differences were found in the behaviors exhibited when last angry. Although positive consequences of aggression did not differ significantly by sex, females were more likely to have experienced negative interpersonal effects of behaving aggressively and males to have suffered physical harm or legal troubles. Relatively few differences between Black and White subjects were found, but Black males were more likely than Whites to keep their anger to themselves and to get the target in trouble; White males were more likely to yell at the target and tell the target of their anger. White females were more likely than Blacks to get the target in trouble. In general, the results are consistent with sex role stereotypes and suggest that the experiences of aggression and responses to anger may be substantially different for males and females.     

中国企业职工养老保险制度转变前后性别利益的比较分析

2005年《国务院关于完善企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》(简称《完善》)与1997年《国务院关于建立统一的企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》(简称《统一》)比较,"统筹账户"和"个人账户"的筹资比例以及养老金支付办法发生了变化.本文主要分析这两项变化对女性养老金利益("养老金月收入"和"养老金收益率")以及男女两性养老金差距所发生的影响("月收入均值"、"总收入"和"养老金替代率").通过计算,我们发现,从《统一》到《完善》的转变,一方面使男女两性养老金利益都有所改善;另一方面,由于男性的改善速度高于女性,因此男女两性养老金差距有所扩大.     

城乡结合部犯罪问题治理方略——以北京奥运安全为视角

城乡结合部犯罪治理问题,是对大都市的挑战。问题不仅在于这一区域流动人口数量庞大,聚居者具有复杂性,区域面积具有动态性,而且在于区域内各项管理松弛,尤其是出租房屋管理严重失控,从而使社会治安失去最有力的控制阵地。故此应有针对性地制定城乡结合部振兴计划并尽早构筑犯罪预警机制。     

Adolescent Impulsivity: Findings From a Community Sample

Impulsivity is central to several psychopathological states in adolescence. However, there is little consensus concerning the definition of impulsivity and its core dimensions. In response to this lack of consensus, Whiteside and Lynam (2001, Pers. Individ. Differ. 30, 669–689) have developed the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, which is able to distinguish 4 dimensions of impulsivity in adults: Urgency, lack of Premeditation, lack of Perseverance, and Sensation seeking. The question arises of whether these 4 dimensions also exist in adolescents and also of whether gender differences can be observed. A sample of teenagers (314 girls and 314 boys) completed a French version of the scale (Van der Linden et al., Eur. J. Psychol. Assess., 2005). Based on exploratory and confirmatory analyses, the 4-factor model is replicated in girls, boys, and the whole sample. Concerning gender differences, girls have a higher score for Urgency and boys a higher score for Sensation seeking. Overall, this study suggests that the UPPS is a promising tool for studying impulsivity in adolescence. Assistant, Child and Adolescent Psychology Unit, University of Geneva, Switzerland, PhD in preparation: Impulsivity, cognitive biases, cognitive deficits, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Received PhD in 1988 from the University of Liège, Belgium. Major research topics are cognitive biases and cognitive deficits in psychopathology, impulsivity and executive functions, memory deficits in amnesia and Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.     

论宪政与民主

宪政与民主是两种不同的理论 ,二者存在着差别 ,也存在着契合。民主与宪政都是现代政制的基础。然而 ,民主强调公民的参政权和政治秩序 ,宪政强调对政府(国家权力 )的限制和防范。这一区别使二者的互相补充与结合成为必要。也就是说 ,理想的政制是民主与宪政的结合 ,即宪政民主。     

Early traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders

Childhood traumatization is expected to have a significant impact on the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in adulthood. Psychopathy as a syndrome that can predict future violent and aggressive behavior in adults is therefore believed to be associated with early traumatization. The association between early childhood victimization and violence might at least be mediated through psychopathy. The present study examined the relationship between early emotional, physical or sexual trauma and neglect and psychopathy in incarcerated delinquent female and male juveniles using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Psychopathy Checklist—Youth Version (PCL-YV). A sample of detained adolescents (n = 185) was compared to adolescent students (n = 98). Also, gender differences were analyzed with respect to the association of trauma and psychopathy. As expected, our analyses revealed higher scores of traumatization in delinquent juveniles compared to school adolescents. Hypothesized relationships between physical traumatization and the PCL-YV total score could be confirmed among criminal boys, but not among delinquent girls. Results, therefore, indicated that an association exists between early physical, but also emotional traumatic experience and psychopathy in detained boys. In girls, however, other family-related variables, such as non-parental living arrangements, seemed to be more influential in developing the psychopathy syndrome than traumatization.     

WORK,INCOME SUPPORT,AND CRIME IN THE DUTCH WELFARE STATE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY FOLLOWING VULNERABLE YOUTH INTO ADULTHOOD

Life‐course criminological research has consistently suggested that employment can reduce criminal behavior. However, it is unclear whether the financial aspects of employment or the social control that inheres in employment best explains the relationship between employment and reduced offending. By using longitudinal information on a sample of men and women (N = 540) who were institutionalized in a Dutch juvenile justice institution in the 1990s, this study examines the effects of employment as well as the different types of income support on crime. Random‐ and fixed‐effects models show that for men, both work and income support are associated with a reduction in the rate of offending. For women, however, although employment is correlated with a lower offending rate, receiving income support, and in particular disability benefits, is correlated with a higher offending rate. The findings support both theories that stress the financial motivation for crime as well as theories that emphasize the importance of informal social control for reducing offending.     

英国英语与美国英语中的词汇差异

随着历史的发展和经济文化的进步 ,英国英语与美国英语在语音、语法、词汇上产生了较多的差异 ,其中两者在词汇上的差异最为明显 ,它主要体现在同词异义、同义异词和特有词等三个方面。     

京津冀劳动政策的差异与协同

跨部门和地区协同是国家治理现代化的重要实现形式,对于京津冀协同发展亦具有至关重要的影响。将政策文献与治理实践进行有效的“对话”,以1997年京津冀进入一体化实质发展阶段以来三地公布的劳动政策文件为分析文本,结合京津冀协同治理实践,考察京津冀府际间政策文本差异与协同特征。分析发现,在一统体制和中央顶层设计背景下,京津冀劳动市场一体化趋势明显,劳动政策内容和数量协同逐渐增多,但在有效治理与利益驱动下存在央地目标设置错位等现象;京津冀劳动政策协同与差异并存,进而形成对区域协同治理的双刃剑效应。