Feeling guilty to remain innocent: the moderating effect of sex on guilt responses to rule-violating behavior in adolescent legal socialization

Legal socialization researchers have ignored the role of emotions such as guilt to explain rule-violating behavior (RVB). The purpose of Study 1 was to determine if anticipated guilt or guilt proneness was a better predictor of RVB. Participants were 325 university students who completed an online questionnaire. Correlations indicated that both measures were related significantly to RVB; however, when both were entered into a multiple regression as predictors, only anticipated guilt was significant. This suggested that anticipated guilt was a stronger predictor of RVB than guilt proneness. The purpose of Study 2 was to investigate the effects of anticipated guilt on future RVB while controlling for the integrated legal socialization variables. Participants were 283 middle school and 187 high school students. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict students' future engagement in RVB. Anticipated guilt predicted RVB for middle school and high school students. However, sex moderated these effects. Male students low in anticipated guilt committed more RVBs than male students high in guilt. Female high school students showed a similar effect but not at the same magnitude as the male students. Guilt had no significant effect on RVB for female middle school students. Implications for the findings are discussed.     

Memory conformity and suggestibility

Abstract

The present study examined whether the degree to which participants engage in memory conformity, which occurs when a person alters their memory report of an event to be consistent with another person, can be predicted by their levels of interrogative suggestibility (IS), which is the degree to which people are susceptible to altering their memory reports during questioning. Memory conformity was introduced by having participant and confederate pairs study words and then complete a social recognition test where they took turns to make judgements to the same items. When the participants responded after the confederate, they tended to conform to confederate's judgements regardless of whether the confederate had made a correct or incorrect response. IS was measured using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 2. This scale allows separate measures of Yield, which is a measure of how susceptible people are to altering their memory reports of events as a result of leading questions, and Shift, which is a measure of how susceptible people are to changing responses to questions when placed under pressure to do so. Only Yield was a significant predictor of memory conformity.     

Employment,structural adjustment and sustainable growth in Mexico

To date the literature on subjective well-being has focused on the developed economies. We provide empirical evidence from two emerging market countries, Peru and Russia. Our results - and in particular a strong negative skew in the assessments of the respondents with the greatest income gains - support the importance of relative rather than absolute income differences. Among other factors, we attribute our results to shifts in reference norms and to macroeconomic volatility. Relative differences seem to matter more for those in the middle of the distribution than for the very wealthy or the very poor. Our respondents were more critical in assessing their progress vis-à-vis others in their country versus those in their community. The large and consistent gap we find between objective income trends and the subjective assessments of the upwardly mobile may have implications for the future economic and political behaviour of a group that is critical to the sustainability of market policies.     

论文化差异对英汉翻译的制约和影响

文化差异对翻译具有重大的影响,只有了解英汉两种文化之间的差异,才能使英汉双语之间的翻译更为准确。中西文化中的思维方式、地理环境、宗教信仰、历史典故、动物习语、词汇等方面的差异均对英汉翻译产生制约和影响。因此,在跨文化交际中,仅仅了解语言本身远远不够,必须熟悉原语言的文化及其构成该文化的各种因素,才能深入透彻地理解原语含义。     

中美股票市场经济周期中的行业效应差异及成因分析简

本文分析了过去15年来中国股票市场在经济周期的四个不同阶段的强势行业的表现,并与美林模型关于美国股票市场在经济周期中不同阶段的行业效应进行了比较。美林模型对美国股票市场行业效应的分析,是基于美国的经济结构和经济周期特点而展开的。本文分析认为行业效应差异的成因主要在于中美两国在经济结构和周期波动特征方面的差异,指出中国资本市场在过去的经济短周期中,行业效应与投资驱动的经济结构和周期特征高度相关。     

室内天然气管道系统严密度试验可靠程度差异分析

在规定的试验压力和观测时间下,不同容积的室内燃气管道系统在规范许可的相同试验结果时,严密度试验可靠程度存在着差异。视实际情况或忽略其存在,或采取适当的弥补方法。     

港澳回归异同比较

香港回归祖国已经两年，澳门回归在即，港澳回归表面雷同，实际上却存在很大的差异。无论是从历史背景、内部机制、中英或中葡关系还是谈判过程都有很多不同之处，澳门有澳门的政情、民情和地情，这就是“澳门特色”。澳门回归可以以香港回归为借鉴，但决不能简单照搬“香港经验”。     

民国时期女子高等教育的性别议题--以金陵女子大学为个案

本文以金陵女子大学为个案,分析了民国时期女子大学所面临的一系列性别议题:女子大学的培养目标、课程设置中体现的性别角色之争、独身问题以及对贤妻良母主义的回应,通过反合并斗争对女性独立决策管理权的坚持,等等。     

Personality features of an adolescent female offending population

The incidence of adolescent offending has been shown to be different for young males and females. However, there is a lack of literature concerning adolescent female offenders, and despite research suggesting that personality factors may be linked with antisocial and criminal behaviour in adolescents and young adults; there have been a lack of studies investigating intra-sex personality differences in young female populations. The Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory, a 160-item self-report personality measure, was administered to 26 non-offending and 28 offending adolescent females. It was found that the offending group was significantly less submissive, less conforming, more forceful, more oppositional and more likely to exhibit borderline personality traits than the control group. The offending group also had higher reported incidences of childhood abuse and family conflict, and were more prone to substance abuse, impulsive actions and suicide ideation. These initial findings suggest that personality differences may well exist between offending and non-offending adolescent females.     

Sex Differences in Physical and Indirect Aggression: A Developmental Perspective

Males generally use aggression more often than females. However, the magnitude of difference between the sexes varies widely according to the type of aggression that is considered, and according to the developmental period studied. Taking a developmental perspective, this paper reviews research that compares the progression of physical aggression (predominantly used by males) with indirect aggression (predominantly used by females) among males and females. Existing empirical evidence indicates that most children cease to use physical aggression during the course of childhood, but that a minority fails to do so. This group is comprised of children with high, stable levels of PA and is mostly male. Overall, most children use low levels of IA, but there is one group that uses this type of aggression with increasing frequency. This group is mostly female. Importantly, the differences between the sexes are not stable over time. Rather, while the gap between males and females is present during preschool years, it widens considerably during childhood and preadolescence. A review of hypotheses based on evolution, biology and social learning provides critical insight into the origins and development of sex differences in aggression over the life course. We conclude by arguing that violence in males may be effectively reduced through early, sustained intervention with high-risk mothers.