Distinct age-related differences among victims in cases of suspected child abuse

Evidence describing age-related differences among children with suspected physical and sexual child abuse is lacking. We describe findings in severe cases of suspected abuse. Cases with 756 children <15 years old were included during 2001–2013 at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, using forensic evaluation documents, medical records, and court proceedings. Eight percent of children <4 years old died from child abuse, 36% through violence resulting in death, and 64% by manslaughter, whereas 1% > 4 years old died, solely by manslaughter. External injuries were mainly located to head and torso in children <4 years old, changing to the upper and lower extremities in older children. Child sexual abuse was suspected in 52% of cases with living children <4 years old, 83% of children 4–7 years of age, 88% of children 8–11 years of age, and 93% of children >12 years old. Anogenital findings were mainly caused by other medical conditions in children <4 years old, hymenal clefts in the superior half of the hymenal rim were almost exclusively found in children between 8 and 11 years of age, whereas both superficial and complete hymenal clefts in the inferior half of the hymenal rim were found in children >12 years old. The present study describes age-related differences in victims of suspected child abuse. Fatal versus nonfatal child physical abuse and the significance of hymenal findings in child sexual abuse could be studied further.     

中美刑事侦查制度比较分析

中美两国在法律文化上存在很大差异,这些差异深刻反映着两国在刑事侦查制度、刑事侦查主体、刑事侦查权配置、刑事强制措施以及在犯罪嫌疑人、被告人权益保护方面存在很大差别。相比较而言,美国付出了相当的代价以保障个人权利的刑事调查和程序正义;而我国在借鉴与吸收某些西方的诉论理念与制度的过程中,不应忽视中西方在法律文化上存在的差异。     

两岸高中历史教科书中的“美国”形象比较——以“南一版”和“人教版”为例

两岸青年的认同问题一直是台湾研究的热点。高中历史教科书是塑造青年学生历史记忆的重要载体,影响着青年学生的政治认同和文化取向。在两岸关系问题上,美国一直扮演着重要的角色。受意识形态、政治立场等影响,两岸历史教科书所呈现的美国形象有很大的差异,编撰者甚至对同一历史事件有着大相径庭的表述,从而造成两岸青年学生对美国有着不同的文化认知和情感取向。本文通过对大陆＂人教版＂和台湾＂南一版＂历史教科书中有关＂美国＂形象的比较,指出其差异以及这种差异阐释所造成的影响。     

什么样的县委书记与县长组合治理效能高?——基于全国百位优秀县委书记的面板样本

县委书记和县长作为县域党、政主官,是域外经济、政治和社会因素作用于此县域治理的基本桥梁,两者能否形成共同行动理念和行动路径,强化行动执行是县域治理效能实现的关键。传统静态的体制机制分析无法解读其行动效应影响,需要实现行动者视域的相适转换。以全国百位优秀县委书记及所在县域县长的102个组合数据为共同面板样本,对两位行动者背景特征差异对治理效能的影响进行分析。县域党、政主官组合搭配时长、平均学历、毕业院校、经济学、管理学或法学专业、本地晋升与治理效能正相关。适当增加县领导班子的搭配合作时长,组建县领导班子时考虑官员学历背景,组建县域领导班子时考虑官员专业背景的搭配,优先选择本地晋升。     

集体主导型双轨治理:城中村治理的实践路径——基于武汉市一个城中村的实践调查

城中村在从“村”向“城”转型的过程中形成了集体主导型双轨治理。城中村社会转型与治理需求复杂化是集体主导型双轨治理产生的前提与基础。在原有集体土地产权性质没有发生根本改变的情况下,通过治理结构双轨化、治理策略弹性化与治理资源多样化运作,城中村治理呈现如下格局:集体主导的村治结构与社区治理结构并存;综合性治理与专业化治理互动;正式治理资源与非正式治理资源互补。这种集体主导型双轨治理本质上是城乡两种治理要素、治理思维和治理机制的结合与互动,对于避免基层治理体制僵化、缓解转型期社会矛盾、维护基层社会秩序稳定具有重要意义。应辩证看待城乡二元结构在我国城市化进程中的作用,充分发挥其在城中村治理中独特的体制资源优势。     

我国城乡基本公共服务供给比较研究

基本公共服务作为对公民基本生存权及发展权的保证,其意义对于个人、社会来说都是不言而喻的.本文在界定城乡基本公共服务均等化基本含义的基础上,从义务教育、基本医疗及最低生活保障三个方面、八项指标对我国城乡的供给状况进行了评估比较,得出公共资源偏向城镇居民需求,城乡供给不均的结论,并从合理化视域分析了城乡基本公共服务供给不均...     

Cross-ethnic generalizability of the three-factor model of psychopathy: the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory in an incarcerated sample of native Dutch and Moroccan immigrant boys

Background

Previous research provides support for the existence of the psychopathy construct in youths. However, studies regarding the psychometric properties of psychopathy measures with ethnic minority youths are lacking.

Methods

In the present study, the three-factor structure of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) was examined for both native Dutch youth (N = 158) and an ethnic minority group, Moroccans (N = 141), in an incarcerated adolescent population in the Netherlands.

Results

Our results showed that the three-factor structure of the YPI is comparable across an ethnic majority and an ethnic minority group in an incarcerated sample in the Netherlands. Moreover, associations between psychopathic traits and mental health problems were similar for both ethnic groups.

Conclusion

The results support the cross-ethnic generalizability of the three-factor model of psychopathy as measured through the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory.     

我国城乡一体化建设法律保障机制研究

加速城乡一体化进程,应有法律保障和政策支持。但是,什么是城乡一体化?怎样实现城乡一体化?城乡一体化在我国各个地区应达到什么样的目标?全国实现城乡一体化应分几步走?目前,这些问题在理论上和实践上都缺乏清晰路径。本文认为,我国城乡一体化的实现必须在户籍制度、土地制度、社会保障制度、城乡统筹、就业制度等方面实现城乡统一,在行政体制、财政转移支付方式等方面进行制度创新,对户籍制度、土地权属、社会保障、城乡就业制度等进行改革,制定城乡一体化协调发展的法律,以破解我国城乡一体化建设中的各种制度障碍。     

Do Trained Dogs Discriminate Individual Body Odors of Women Better than Those of Men?*

Scent identification lineups using dogs are a potentially valuable forensic tool, but have been dismissed by some critics because of cases where a false identification was shown to have occurred. It is not known, however, why dogs appear to make more false indications to the odors of some persons than of others. In this study, human genders were compared as to the degree their individual odors are distinguishable or "attractive" to dogs. Six dogs were trained to smell an individual's hand odor sample and then find the matching hand odor sample in a lineup of five odors. Using one-gender lineups and two-gender lineups with different gender ratios, it was found that dogs trained for the study identified individual women's hand odors more accurately than those of men. It is hypothesized that this is either because of differences in chemical compounds making discrimination of women's odors easier, or because of greater "odor attractiveness" of women's scents to dogs.