Invariance of Measures of Prevention Program Effectiveness: A Replication

Recent literature has suggested that measures of risk and protective factorsfor delinquency and substance use are not equally reliable or valid acrossgender and ethnic groups and has recommended differentiated programming andculturally specific evaluation methods. Three data sets containing up tofive ethnic groups were used to determine the degree to which risk andprotective factors are equally reliable and valid predictors of drug use anddelinquency across gender and ethnic groups. Congeneric measurement modelsand structural equation models were evaluated to determine if the factorstructures for these measures and their covariances with measures of druguse and delinquency were equivalent across gender and ethnic groups. Half ofthe risk and protective factors included in this analysis were found to beequally reliable across gender and ethnic groups. When controlling forreliability differences, all of the risk and protective factors were foundto predict both drug use and delinquncy for all gender and ethnic groups. Interms of the magnitude of these associations, no substantive differenceswere found in the validity of risk and protective factors for drug use anddelinquency. Differences in the validity of risk and protective factors weremore prevalent for delinquency than for drug use. However, all differenceswere substantively trivial. We conclude that measures of prevention programeffectiveness are invariant across gender and ethnic groups.     

教育地位获得的性别差异——家庭背景对男性和女性教育地位获得的影响

本文基于2001年"当代中国社会结构变迁研究"的全国抽样调查数据,采用地位获得模型分析,考察了教育地位获得的性别差异及其原因,并重点探讨了家庭背景因素——包括父母教育水平、父亲职业地位、户口身份和家庭经济条件——对男性和女性的影响差异。研究结果显示,家庭背景因素对女性的教育地位获得的影响明显大于对男性的影响,即,女性的受教育机会更易于受到家庭背景的局限,出身于较差的家庭环境——特别是生长于农村或来自农民家庭——的女性的受教育机会明显少于其他人。     

The Influence of Individual and Partner Characteristics on the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adult Relationships

This study examines individual and partner characteristics associated with the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) in young adult relationships with opposite sex partners. Using data from Waves 1 and 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study examined 1,275 young adults’ heterosexual romantic relationships. Controlling for the effects of family and school correlates measured in adolescence, we examined the extent to which participants’ general violent behavior in young adulthood and their partners’ use of violence in their relationship influence participants’ IPV perpetration. We found that both having general violent tendencies and being a target of violence in a relationship influenced one’s likelihood of young adults perpetrating IPV. We also tested whether the overall influence of participants’ general violent behavior on IPV perpetration was moderated by their partners’ use of violence in the relationship. We found that young women’s greatest expression of violent tendencies emerged when in relationships with violent men; yet, when partnered with non-violent men, young women’s own violent tendencies did not lead to IPV. We found little evidence for the interactive effect for young men in the study. The lack of a significant interaction in the model indicated that young men’s general aggression was not conditioned on their partners’ use of physical aggression in their relationships.

恩格斯城乡融合思想及其当代价值

一百多年过去了,恩格斯在《反杜林论》一书中论述的城乡融合思想在今天仍有显著的价值,其理论源于18世纪空想主义者,又实现了对空想主义的扬弃。城乡融合思想回答了人为什么会发生异化,并且从人与自然和谐的角度出发,提出了生态平衡的思想。对于消除我国多年存在的城乡二元对立的结构有重要指导意义。     

坚持城乡统筹发展原则 改革土地资源管理体制

该文分析了现行土地管理制度存在的弊端,如“公权”过度运用,被征地农民的合法权益缺乏法律保护等,也析了因为现行的土地管理体制,加剧了城乡二元结构社会的分化。提出应该严格限制公权的运用,明确土地权属,保护农民的合法权益,遵循市场价值规律,规范土地流转市场等土地资源管理体制的改革措施,以保证合理地利用土地资源,保证国家经济建设的可持续发展。     

Gender differences in the effects of personality traits on voter turnout

This study examines whether the Big Five personality traits have different effects on male and female turnout. Previous research has reported an association between personality traits and turnout, but their results have been inconsistent. Nevertheless, there is a solid evidence of gender differences in personality traits and past studies have not taken into consideration the option that personality–turnout relationship might be gender-differentiated. The current study empirically finds that conscientiousness and emotional stability can significantly increase female turnout, but have no effect on male turnout. Furthermore, openness to experience exerts opposite effects on male and female turnout. As openness to experience increases, men become more likely to vote, whereas women become less likely to cast their ballots. However, extraversion and agreeableness are not associated with turnout, regardless of gender. To sum up, this study provides robust evidence that the effects of personality traits on turnout vary by gender and suggests that any future study of the topic must include interaction between gender and personality in order to estimate the effect of personality on turnout in a more accurate manner.     

室内天然气管道系统严密度试验可靠程度差异分析

在规定的试验压力和观测时间下,不同容积的室内燃气管道系统在规范许可的相同试验结果时,严密度试验可靠程度存在着差异。视实际情况或忽略其存在,或采取适当的弥补方法。     

新时代政治生态价值秩序研究

政治生态价值秩序是系统化、整体化的政治价值观,决定着政治主体的政治参与、政治角色、政治态度、政治行为和政治选择。中国政治生态具有鲜明中国特色政治文明标识,转型期以权力运行为核心的矛盾运动成为其基本演化动力。政治价值观及其价值秩序对于良好政治生态的建构具有决定意义,正确区分政治价值、政治价值观及其实现形式是构建合理政治生态价值秩序的前提。在政治生态价值秩序的建构中,效率与公平的平衡状态形构着民主的序位,多元社会和公共责任的选择界定着自由与和谐的维度和尺度,而公正、民主与法治在不同政治文化环境中的含义不同、实现形式迥异。     

JUST: a measure of jury system trustworthiness

ABSTRACT

Three studies developed and tested a new measure of the perceived trustworthiness of the jury system, the 23-item Jury System Trustworthiness (JUST) scale, and assessed the scale’s convergent and discriminant validity. Study 1 assessed the scale’s factor structure and relation to other relevant constructs. In Studies 2 and 3, the JUST scale was administered to participants in two separate mock juror studies. The results of all three studies supported the hypothesized factor structure of the measure but showed that a simplified, 7-item measure was also effective. Overall, participants’ perceptions of juries were moderately positive, and the JUST scale was related to attitudes toward the police, authoritarianism, belief in a just world, juror bias, preference for a jury (vs. a bench) trial, and intention to respond to a jury summons. It also explained a unique portion of the variance in jury-specific beliefs and behavioral intentions, such as preference for a jury trial and response to a summons, beyond that accounted for by other legal attitudes. The JUST scale was not related to verdict decisions in either mock trial after controlling for authoritarianism. Several individual differences (e.g. age, race/ethnicity) were also related to attitudes toward the jury system.     

Over and above Gender Differences in Cyberbullying: Relationship of Gender Typicality to Cyber Victimization and Perpetration in Adolescents

ABSTRACT

The present study used a unique measure of self-perceived gender typicality to better examine the association of gender with cyber victimization and perpetration. Participants were 297 adolescent males and females recruited from independent schools in grade 8 (M_age = 13.8) and grade 10 (M_age = 15.8) who completed a self-report survey. Multiple regression analyses revealed that only for males, high other-gender typicality and low same-gender typicality were associated with high cyber victimization, but when same-gender typicality was high there was no association. Independent associations of same- and other-gender typicality with cyber perpetration were present only for males. Findings highlight that the importance of considering same- and other-gender typicality for adolescent boys’ engagement in cyberbullying.