The Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Exposure to Violence on Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System

The current study extended previous research with adults and boys to girls in the juvenile justice system (N = 122; M = 16.7; SD = 1.3). Using a longitudinal research design, neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence (i.e., physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by peers, and witnessing violence) were assessed during incarceration. These risk factors were used to predict violent and delinquent behavior post-release. Furthermore, race specific pathways were examined to determine if the impact of these risk factors varied among Black (n = 69) and White girls (n = 53). Results indicated that Black girls were more likely than White girls to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but both reported similar levels of exposure to violence and self-report of antisocial behavior. Physical abuse by parents, time at risk, and age were related to violent behavior, while witnessing violence and time at risk were related to delinquent behavior. Multiple group analyses indicated the existence of race specific pathways. Specifically, physical abuse by parents was related to violent behavior for White girls while witnessing violence was related to violent and delinquent behaviors for Black girls. Results suggest that contextual processes play an important role in predicting antisocial behavior for Black girls.

It Takes a Village: Protecting Rural African American Youth in the Context of Racism

Prior research demonstrates negative consequences of racism, however, little is known about community, parenting, and intrapersonal mechanisms that protect youth. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study illuminated linkages between positive and negative contextual influences on rural African American adolescent outcomes. Quantitative results provide support for Structural Ecosystems Theory, in that the influence of discrimination and collective socialization on adolescent outcomes was mediated by racial socialization and positive parenting. Parenting and community influences contributed to adolescent racial identity and self image, which protected against common negative responses to racism; including academic underachievement, succumbing to peer pressure, and aggressive tendencies. Qualitative results indicate that current measures of discrimination may underestimate adolescents’ experiences. Adolescents reported racist experiences in the domains of school, peers, and with the police (males only). Moreover, qualitative findings echoed and expanded quantitative results with respect to the importance of the protective nature of parents and communities.

Family Transitions and Later Delinquency and Drug Use

Changes in the family structure can be very disruptive to adolescents who live in those families. This article examines the impact of the number of family transitions on delinquent and drug-using behavior. Specifically, the effect of family transitions is hypothesized to be mediated by problems within the family, school, and peer settings. A sample of 646 boys (73%) and girls (27%) taken from a longitudinal panel study of high-risk adolescents are used to examine these hypotheses. For girls, little support is found for the direct or the indirect effect of family transitions on delinquent behavior or drug use. For boys, however, both forms of problem behavior are influenced by family transitions directly and indirectly through changes in, and problems with, peer associations. The findings suggest that during times of family turmoil, the friendship network of adolescent male children is also disrupted, leading to an increase in associations with delinquent others and, in turn, an increase in problematic behaviors.

城乡融合发展中的农村居民市民化协同联动机制

农村居民就地市民化是实现乡村振兴和城乡融合发展的重要环节,是基于身份的农民市民化和基于流动的农民工市民化基础上产生的新现象,凸显了居民主体自觉自愿转变身份的过程。在催生农村发展内生动力的过程中,更要突出农村居民的主体地位和主体作用,重塑政府、市场与社会三者之间的角色。浙江与陕西的案例表明,要推动农村居民市民化,必须构建起以农村居民为主体的政府赋权、市场赋利与社会赋能协同联动机制,进一步增强农村居民的主体意识,激活蕴藏在广大农村地区的巨大潜力和发展动能,从而逐步让农村居民享有与城镇居民同等品质的现代生活。     

Psychosocial comparison of carers and noncarers

Abstract

Limited exploration of young carers’ (YCs) impacts includes noncaregivers, thus reducing our understanding of YCs’ unique characteristics. Secondary comparative analyses of 124 YCs (n?=?72 females, Mage?=?12) and 124 noncarers were conducted to examine family, individual, and social contexts. Statistical analyses revealed YCs were different from non-YCs, suggesting caregiving could be a contributing factor in altering temperament and family dynamics as well as lowering self-esteem and raising the incidence of depressive symptoms. A comprehensive YC profile resulted from the findings. This profile may help promote identification and recognition of YCs.     

基 于 功 能 性 磁 共 振 成 像 技 术 探 讨 针 刺 太 冲 穴 脑 激 活 区 的 性 别 差 异

目的 采用功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance image, fMRI)技术观察针刺太冲穴所激活脑区的性别差异,以阐明针刺效应性别差异的机制。方法 女性组选取25例青年女性志愿者,男性组选取30例青年男性志愿者,针刺志愿者左侧太冲穴并收集fMRI数据。结果 女性组针刺太冲穴激活的脑区有左侧小脑下部、右侧缘上回、左侧中央后回。男性组针刺太冲穴激活的脑区有右侧缘上回、左侧中央盖沟、右侧中央旁小叶。与女性组比较,男性组更广泛地激活了右侧缘上回、右侧中央沟盖。结论 针刺受试者太冲穴激活脑区并不完全对称,针刺效应在大脑具有偏侧性,针刺太冲穴时大脑活动反应存在性别差异。     

Cab fair: taxi driving and South Asian labor activism in New York City, 1985–1999

Abstract

The labor strike of 13 May 1998 was an historic event for the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA). Under the leadership of Bhairavi Desai, 98% of New York City’s 24,000 yellow cab drivers refused to work. The strike disrupted the flow of city life, but it also shattered the belief that taxi drivers were atomized and therefore unable to organize, effectively exercise power, or earn basic working rights for themselves. This unprecedented strike was thus an act of self-assertion for taxicab drivers in the 1990s, who were predominantly of South Asian origin and had been victims of unjust violence and discrimination in the city. This article questions how immigrant taxi cab drivers came to cooperate with one another in the late nineties to fight for fair wages. It also explores how members of the NYTWA overcame class disparities and ethnic differences among themselves to serve common goals.     

A Person-centered Approach to Studying the Linkages among Parent–Child Differences in Cultural Orientation,Supportive Parenting,and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Families

This longitudinal study examined whether supportive parenting mediates relations between parent–child differences in cultural orientation (generational dissonance) and depressive symptoms with a sample of 451 first and second generation Chinese American parents and adolescents (12–15 years old at time 1). Using a person-centered approach, meaningful typologies of cultural orientation were derived for fathers, mothers, and adolescents. Overall, results provided support, though qualified, for the notion that generational dissonance is linked to depressive symptoms through decreased supportive parenting. In general, having a parent with a bicultural profile seemed to be most advantageous if adolescents similarly had a bicultural profile, whereas more American oriented adolescents with more Chinese oriented parents reported the least supportive parenting and most depressive symptoms. Directions for future research and the benefits of using a person-centered approach in research of acculturation and generational dissonance are discussed.

中国城镇化长期趋势研究

城镇化决定着城乡劳动力市场的供给，对社会经济有重要影响。研究提出了无农村经济联系城 镇化率、基于居住地的城镇化率和基于职业的城镇化率的概念，并构建了城镇化经济动力学模型，以预测城镇 化的长期趋势。研究发现：如果存在城乡收入差距，则城镇化将持续；如果城乡收入差距较大，则城镇化进程 加快；如果城乡收入实现了均等化，则城镇化终止，这时所实现的城镇化就是长期的城镇化。研究使用中国、 美国、日本和韩国的数据验证了这一分析。研究认为，要提高我国城镇化的速度和质量，就要对相关制度进行 改革，使农业以自耕农的规模经营为主，让离开农村的城镇居民脱离与农村的经济联系。     

把握新型城乡关系的“六新”特点

城乡关系是经济与社会关系中的重要关系之一,经过近六十年的发展和不断调整,我国已形成新型城乡关系,其"新"在多方面得到体现:一是由城乡分离与对立向城乡融合转变的新阶段;二是由"城乡分治"向"城乡统筹"转变的新理念;三是由城乡之间"非均衡发展"向"均衡发展"转变的新理论;四是由生产力"低水平"向"较高水平"转变的新条件;五是由"城乡二元化"向"城乡一元化"转变的新制度;六是由"城市片面发展"向"城乡发展一体化"转变的新途径。