Who do you believe? Assessing student and community member perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses

ABSTRACT

Eyewitness identifications provide critical evidence as they are often persuasive to jurors, but documented misidentifications have led to wrongful convictions . Researchers have examined how jurors evaluate multiple eyewitnesses, but not different types of eyewitnesses, such as bystanders and victims. Additionally, none of this research has examined jurors’ ability to evaluate bystander and victim identifications that vary in quality. Two studies examined student and community members’ perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses. Study 1 participants read about a good or poor-quality identification made by a bystander or victim. Study 2 participants read about both bystander and victim identifications that varied in quality. Both studies found jurors were sensitive to identification quality as demonstrated by a variety of legal decisions, including verdict, though the quality of a second identification in Study 2 did not change any legal decisions. Multiple differences between student and community member samples emerged across both studies suggesting that community members are more likely to trust witnesses and convict. Reliance on student samples may overestimate jurors’ ability to evaluate multiple eyewitnesses and underestimate the likelihood of conviction based on flawed eyewitness evidence.     

Gendered Pathways to Bullying Perpetration via Social Achievement Goals – Mediating Effects of Sense of Belonging and Non-inclusive Group Norms

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the gender-specific effects of social achievement goals – i.e., social development goals, social demonstration approach goals, and social demonstration avoid goals – on bullying perpetration in a sample of 788 adolescents (53.3% girls), taking into account the mediating role of sense of belonging and non-inclusive group norms. Two-group structural equation modeling results indicated that social demonstration approach goals positively predicted bullying perpetration for both genders. For girls, higher social development goals and for boys, higher social avoidance goals decreased bullying perpetration. Gender-specific effects of belonging and non-inclusive group norms on bullying perpetration occurred. For boys, non-inclusive group norms mediated the relation between all social achievement goals and bullying perpetration. Implications for future research and (gender-sensitive) bullying interventions are discussed.     

Sex Differences in Age Patterns of Delinquent/Criminal Careers: Results from Poisson Latent Class Analyses of the Philadelphia Cohort Study

Applications of latent class analyses to the study of criminal careers have yielded results with implications for criminological theory. Distinct latent classes of individuals within various samples have been identified based upon the similarity of individuals with respect to their rate of offending across the teen and adult years, net of the effects of other regressors. In previous research on samples of males taken from the cities of London and Philadelphia, four and five such categories have been identified respectively, ranging from a group of nonoffenders to a group of chronic offenders. However, the question of whether similar findings hold for females has not been adequately addressed, in part due to the scarcity of longitudinal samples with sizable female populations. Data from the Second Philadelphia Cohort are used to address this and related questions. First, are there latent classes of female offenders? Second, if such categories do exist, how do they compare? Third, how do classes of male and female offenders compare on key measures of criminal careers? Analyses of the samples yield differing numbers of classes for males and females. Gender invariances as well as differences in patterns of offending are also found and are discussed.     

隐寓于幻想中的思索--试论《格列佛游记》与《镜花缘》的异同

本文运用平行研究的方法论述了<格列佛游记>与<镜花缘>的异同.其中主要从写作原因、主题、创作技巧三个方面论述了它们的相同点;又通过作者不同的思想以及作者所处的不同时代论述了它们的不同点.     

The Forward Specialization Coefficient: Distributional Properties and Subgroup Differences

For both public policy and theoretical reasons, criminologists have been interested in the degree to which criminal offenders specialize in particular crimes. Traditionally, offense specialization has been measured with the forward specialization coefficient (FSC). Recently, the FSC has been criticized for being interpretationally obtuse and having no known sampling distribution. In this paper we examine both the interpretational and the statistical properties of the FSC. We conclude that (1) it has an intuitive interpretation that is no less useful than either a standard correlation coefficient or its competitors, (2) its sampling distribution is approximately normal, and (3) the conventional formula for the estimated standard error of the FSC may underestimate the true standard error in some circumstances. With these results behind us, we propose and illustrate both a parametric statistical test for the difference between two independent FSCs and two nonparametric alternatives.     

京津冀劳动政策的差异与协同

跨部门和地区协同是国家治理现代化的重要实现形式,对于京津冀协同发展亦具有至关重要的影响。将政策文献与治理实践进行有效的“对话”,以1997年京津冀进入一体化实质发展阶段以来三地公布的劳动政策文件为分析文本,结合京津冀协同治理实践,考察京津冀府际间政策文本差异与协同特征。分析发现,在一统体制和中央顶层设计背景下,京津冀劳动市场一体化趋势明显,劳动政策内容和数量协同逐渐增多,但在有效治理与利益驱动下存在央地目标设置错位等现象;京津冀劳动政策协同与差异并存,进而形成对区域协同治理的双刃剑效应。     

沪台创意产业发展比较研究：差异、原因及对策

无论是产业成熟度还是国际知名度，台湾创意产业的发展都领先于上海，而且在发展理念、分类体系、盈利模式、管制方式、扶持政策和创意人才培育等方面，形成了一定的差异性与比较优势。这不仅与两地所处的经济发展阶段，以及相异的产业结构与需求结构有关，而且还肇始于两地不同的产业管制体制、发展环境与市场机制，以及人才和教育培养模式等。上海当前正值创意产业发展的战略关键期，充分借鉴和学习台湾创意产业发展经验，有助于进一步提升产业能级，助推上海创意产业蓬勃兴业。     

论毒品案件侦查中控制下交付与诱惑侦查的异同

在毒品犯罪案件中,控制下交付和诱惑侦查是常用的侦查措施,对抓毒枭,打网络,摧毁毒品地下工厂意义重大。两者在我国的法律法规中均未有明确的规定,对于两者的研究与规范也是鲜有人问津,实践中常有人把两者混淆。对其进行比较分析其异同,对于进一步认识实践中的法外侦查行为,以及推动侦查行为的法制化和人性化将有重要的意义。文中将主要以毒品犯罪案件侦查为例,试对这两种侦查措施的特点进行分析、比较研究。     

马克思“以人为本”与孟子民本思想之异同

马克思“以人为本”与孟子民本思想，有“恒产”相一致；人是社会主体与“民为贵”同，目的和意义不同。有相一致的地方，如：人是生产主体与民相一致。也有不同之处，如：理论渊源不同，目的和意义不同。     

对男女教授在学术型人才基本品质理解上的性别差异研究——基于厦门大学百名教授的调查

厦门大学教育研究院所进行的＂学术型人才基本品质研究＂在国内尚属首次系统性研究,将性别差异因素引入对这一问题的研究,旨在了解教授对学术型人才所应具备的基本品质的认识,并进一步探讨这一整体认识中所存在的性别差异。对厦门大学百名教授进行的问卷调查并经统计分析发现,性别变量在11个项目上存在显著性差异。