论格式免责条款的效力层次——兼谈《合同法》及其司法解释之间的矛盾及其协调

格式免责条款效力如何,合同法及其司法解释都有明确的规定。不过,这些规定之间大都相互冲突,矛盾重重。为了化解矛盾,有必要先区分格式条款提供方是否违反说明或提请注意义务。违反者应视为没有订入合同,若没有违反,则应区分4种不同情况而对效力进行规定。唯有如此,才能在格式免责条款上达成自由与公平的平衡。     

公司承包经营的相关法律问题探析

公司承包经营在性质上属于狭义的委任经营,其中的权利义务安排对经营者人力资本与企业资本的合作具有独特的价值。公司承包经营并不影响公司法规定的公司治理机制目的的实现。作为一种特殊经营方式,公司承包经营合同在现有公司法律框架下有广阔的存在空间,并且无损于他人利益,其效力应得到法律的认可。法律应对合同主体、适用范围以及承包费的支付等事项进行明确规定,为当事人的公司承包活动提供明确指引。     

“诱惑侦查”人员出庭作证问题研究

近年来,随着犯罪案件类型日益复杂化,传统侦查手段和技术在侦破一些特殊案件时遇到严峻考验。诱惑侦查作为一种特殊的侦查手段被频繁适用于那些具有高度隐蔽性、组织性、智能化的贩毒、行受贿、网络犯罪等案件的侦查取证中,然而我国法律并没有对诱惑侦查做具体规定,由此引发的法律问题进一步凸现,尤其是"诱惑侦查"人员出庭作证的相关问题需做进一步探讨。     

Reliability and validity of cross-national homicide data: a comparison of UN and WHO data

Data reliability and validity are methodological concerns in cross-national analyses of crime, but there is little agreement on which source of data provides the most reliable estimates. Moreover, few studies have examined the potential threat to validity posed by unclassified deaths. The current study aims to (1) assess the reliability of cross-national homicide data from the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO); and (2) investigate the impact of unclassified deaths on the validity of WHO data. Findings indicate that UN and WHO homicide rates (n=56) differ in magnitude, but produce similar outcomes. The UN data produce more robust results and statistical models with less error. The WHO data are more stable and reliable over time, and better suited for longitudinal analyses. Analyses drawing on WHO data should not disregard unclassified deaths because their inclusion provides a more accurate estimate of the true number of homicides.     

论“完全代孕”协议的效力及其法律规制

"完全代孕"是真正具有互助、慈善和利他性质的代孕行为。"完全代孕"协议是一种特殊的委托代理合同,是一种具有较强专属性的身份性契约。在现行法律框架内应适用合同法的有关规定,对于其中涉及亲权和抚养权转移问题的,则应当适用婚姻法的有关规定。未来立法应当通过严格限定代孕行为的主体资格,规范"完全代孕"协议的内容,规范代孕协议的订立程序,规定"完全代孕"协议的解除条件和程序等,将"完全代孕"协议纳入法律规制的范畴。     

Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test

Abstract

This research compares resident, peer and staff reports of bullying and victimization in one open facility and one secure facility for young offenders. The prevalence of bullies and victims was higher according to resident reports (self-reports) than according to peer or staff reports. There was significant agreement between residents, peers, and staff in identifying bullies and victims. The majority of bullies and victims identified by peers and/or staff were also identified by self-reports. Making the plausible assumption that bullies and victims tend to be concealed, it is concluded that self-reports (in the context of an individual interview) provide the most reliable and valid information about bullies and victims in young offender institutions. Hence, anti-bullying strategies should be based on self-report data.     

The reliability and validity of self,peer and staff reports of bullying and victimisation in correctional and care institutions

Abstract

Connell and Farrington (1997) carried out the first study of the reliability and validity of reports of bullying and victimisation in correctional institutions, using individual interviews. The present research describes the second study on this topic using questionnaire measures of self, peer and staff reports of bullying and victimisation in one Children's Home (N=16 residents, 15 peers, 6 staff, making up to 1440 comparisons) and one Correctional Home (N=19 residents, 18 peers, 6 staff, making up to 2052 comparisons) in Croatia. The present study improved on the Connell and Farrington study by examining the test–retest stability of the questionnaire and using relative improvement over chance coefficients in assessing inter-rater reliability. Unlike in the Connell and Farrington study, self-reports of bullying and victimisation were collected in small groups rather than in individual interviews. Generally, there was significant agreement between residents, peers and staff in identifying bullies and victims, and the test–retest stability of the questionnaire was high. In line with the findings of Connell and Farrington, it is concluded that self-reports provide the most reliable and valid data about bullying amongst institutionalised youth.     

劳动合同内容的妥当性--《劳动合同法》第26条第1款第2项的解释适用

内容的适法性与妥当性均系劳动合同的生效要件。《劳动合同法》第26条第1款第2项应当被定位为体现劳动合同特色的妥当性要件,起到规制劳动合同内容的一般条款的作用。该项的规范功能及主要目的在于遏止用人单位在劳动合同中滥用其经济优势地位,过分压制弱势劳动者的行为。作为概括性条款,该项规定的适用应着重案例化、类型化的操作方式;在适用顺序方面,原则上应明确妥当性要件补充适用的地位;可借鉴《合同法》第52条第4项的操作模式,即在妥当性要件下引入法律、行政法规以外的低位阶规范（地方法规、部委规章等）中的强制性规定,作为确认劳动合同效力的依据。     

论债之对外效力的表现

债之效力区分为对内效力与对外效力。对外效力是对债之关系当事人之外的第三人所产生的效力。一般情况下债权仅在当事人之间发生拘束力,但为了保障债权的实现,在特殊情况下法律对合同相对性予以突破。债的对外效力的表现主要包括:债权的保全,债权的物权化,第三人侵害债权,涉他合同。     

事实婚姻的立法冲突及解决

事实婚姻不仅是婚姻法的调整对象,也是刑法认定重婚罪的重要基础。在法律规则和司法解释的具体展开上,刑法和婚姻法基于不同的立场从而有所不同,并最终导致在重婚罪的认定上产生冲突。刑法领域内的事实婚姻有其独特的含义,刑法领域内事实婚姻的推定有效和认定无效不同于婚姻法领域内的事实婚姻有效与无效,具有重婚罪构成要件的作用和意义。尊重多元的情感生活方式,公法和私法的融合与重整,都可以为事实婚姻在刑法和婚姻法上的冲突提供解决方案。