论公民基本权利效力的结构特点——兼辨宪法私法化与宪法司法化

公民基本权利的效力主要由公法效力(直接效力)及私法效力(间接效力)两个层面所构成,而这两个不同层面的效力分别为宪法司法化和宪法私法化提供了正当性基础。公民基本权利效力结构二元性是指公民基本权利同时具有公法效力和私法效力。其基本秩序是以公法效力为主、私法效力为辅。中国宪政的选择应以近代立宪课题为重心,以宪法司法化而不是宪法私法化为宪政实践的真正方向。     

Empirical Evaluation of the Reliability of Photogrammetry Software in the Recovery of Three-Dimensional Footwear Impressions

This paper examines the reliability of Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry as a tool in the capture of forensic footwear marks. This is applicable to photogrammetry freeware DigTrace but is equally relevant to other SfM solutions. SfM simply requires a digital camera, a scale bar, and a selection of oblique photographs of the trace in question taken at the scene. The output is a digital three-dimensional point cloud of the surface and any plastic trace thereon. The first section of this paper examines the reliability of photogrammetry to capture the same data when repeatedly used on one impression, while the second part assesses the impact of varying cameras. Using cloud to cloud comparisons that measure the distance between two-point clouds, we assess the variability between models. The results highlight how little variability is evident and therefore speak to the accuracy and consistency of such techniques in the capture of three-dimensional traces. Using this method, 3D footwear impressions can, in many substrates, be collected with a repeatability of 97% with any variation between models less than ~0.5 mm.     

Overlooking Feigning Behavior May Result in Potential Harmful Treatment Interventions: Two Case Reports of Undetected Malingering

Clinicians tend to overestimate their ability to recognize feigning behavior in psychiatric patients, especially if it concerns patients who have been admitted for observation. Feigning can be either externally motivated (e.g., for financial compensation, known as malingering) or internally motivated (e.g., to assume the “sick role,” known as factitious disorder). Persistent presentation of severe symptoms is usually associated with the factitious disorder. We present two patients with strong external incentives who consistently and convincingly feigned severe psychiatric symptoms during a protracted period of inpatient observation in a specialized center; both were engaged in a procedure for medical asylum. The first case presented with the clinical picture of a psychotic depression with severe motor symptoms, and the second case showed symptoms of a chronic post-traumatic stress disorder with secondary psychotic symptoms. Both cases were thoroughly investigated but feigning was overlooked, and unnecessary and harmful treatment interventions were given. To prevent iatrogenic damage, we recommend a critical attitude that takes malingering as an option into account in settings where patients are often involved in high stake legal procedures. A clinical sign that might indicate feigning is therapy-resistant symptoms. To rule out feigning a comprehensive, multimethod approach is required, but an active stance toward collateral information is essential. Specialized psychological tests may be useful for preliminary screening, but for their use in culturally diverse populations as in refugee mental health more research is needed.     

诱惑侦查须合理适用

诱惑侦查作为一种特殊的侦查方式,与常规方法存在着矛盾冲突,但确有其存在的必要性,并且已在司法行政中加以运用。针对目前我国立法和司法的发展程度,以及司法行政人员的素质等问题,应该明确法律规定,指导具体实施,逐渐在必要的特定情形中合理适用,积累经验,不断完善。     

Firearm examination: Examiner judgments and computer‐based comparisons

Forensic firearm examination provides the court of law with information about the source of fired cartridge cases. We assessed the validity of source decisions of a computer‐based method and of 73 firearm examiners who compared breechface and firing pin impressions of 48 comparison sets. We also compared the computer‐based method's comparison scores with the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments and assessed the validity of the latter. The true‐positive rate (sensitivity) and true‐negative rate (specificity) of the computer‐based method (for the comparison of both the breechface and firing pin impressions) were 94.4% and at least 91.7%, respectively. For the examiners, the true‐positive rate was at least 95.3% and the true‐negative rate was at least 86.2%. The validity of the source decisions improved when the evaluations of breechface and firing pin impressions were combined and for the examiners also when the perceived difficulty of the comparison decreased. The examiners were reluctant to provide source decisions for "difficult" comparisons even though their source decisions were mostly correct. The correlation between the computer‐based method's comparison scores and the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments was low for the same‐source comparisons to negligible for the different‐source comparisons. Combining the outcomes of computer‐based methods with the judgments of examiners could increase the validity of firearm examinations. The examiners' numerical degree‐of‐support judgments for their source decisions were not well‐calibrated and showed clear signs of overconfidence. We suggest studying the merits of performance feedback to calibrate these judgments.     

诱惑侦查的合法性及其证明

在司法实践中,诱惑侦查的合法性是一个十分突出的问题。借鉴国外的理论与实践,我国应当以诱惑侦查的基本分类来界定其合法性。同时,为了便于评判、证明诱惑侦查的合法性,我国还应当确立合法性诱惑侦查的具体标准和诱惑侦查人员出庭作证制度。     

限定刑事责任能力评定量表的编制

目的编制能对限定责任能力进行客观分级的评定工具。方法结合国内外有关的鉴定理论与实践报道,参考国内外的类似评定工具编制出《限定刑事责任能力评定量表》(DCRRS);并对该量表进行回顾性测试,分析其信度和效度。结果《限定刑事责任能力评定量表》具有较好的内部一致性和稳定性、结构合理,其界限值所划分的不同法定能力等级与专家鉴定间也高度一致。结论DCRRS对于客观地对限定责任能力进行分级具有参考价值。     

民事行为有效推定规则的构造及其运用——我国民事行为效力立法模式的检讨与重构

我国《民法通则》一方面以民事法律行为要件的形式概括规定了民事行为的有效要件,另一方面又列举规定了民事行为无效、可变更可撤销的具体情形的立法模式存在严重的逻辑空白。这种立法模式有违意思自治,也与各国立法的普遍选择相悖。民事行为有效具有先验性,是不能被“证实”而只能被“证伪”的,立法不应从正面规定民事行为的有效要件。民事行为一经成立即应推定为有效,法律另有规定或当事人另有约定的除外。     

分析法学视角下的法律行为“合法性”

法律行为合法性难题经久不衰。依据规范分析法学,词语意义的探究以其正确的使用范围为基础,有效、无效乃是私法评价法律行为的特定词语,当用合法与违法的术语来评价法律行为时,虽不能揭示出法律行为的具体效果,但却为公法规范进入民法自治领域提供了渠道。这两套用语体系存在的基础在于公法、私法的区分。公法与私法的表达方法尽管不同,但其内在价值秩序应当是统一的,其落脚点都是人,法律爱每一个人。     

原则理论与法概念争议

法理学中法概念之争的中心议题在于法律和道德在概念上是否存在必然联系,或者说法律效力和道德正确性之间是否存在必然联系。为了证立联系命题,阿列克西在其早先的原则理论的基础上提出了原则论据,后者包括安置命题、道德命题与正确性命题。在逐一检讨了这三个命题的恰当性以及其与联系命题间的关联度后可以认为,原则论据无法用来证立联系命题。但这并不表示联系命题就必然失败,因为原则理论可以别的方式来证明它。法概念的争议是有关法律效力判准的争议,最终是政治哲学上的争议。