CHANGES IN POLICE NOTIFICATION FOR RAPE, 1973–2000*

We use data from the National Crime Survey (NCS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to explore changes in the likelihood of police notification in rape incidents. The findings indicate that during the 1970s and 1980s there was a significant increase in police notification by third parties and by victims raped by non‐strangers. During the 1990s the increase in rates of police notification in rape incidents accelerated and broadened in scope. In addition, differences in police notification between stranger and non‐stranger incidents diminished during the 1970s and 1980s and, by the early 1990s there was no significant difference.     

保辜制的制度与思想探析

保辜制度是中国古代的一项旨在保护人身伤害事件中的受害人的利益、追究加害人责任,进而整合社会关系的刑事法律制度。此制度在中国古代社会存在发展了两千余年。唐代是保辜制度的发展成熟时期,保辜制度得以定型化、系统化。宋、元、明、清历代继续发展,并在立法及司法领域产生了一系列重要变化。保辜制度有其深刻的思想源渊,并存在自身的规律性。     

刑事被害人的权利保护

刑事诉讼中,国家追求的目标是追究和惩罚犯罪,而对被害人来说可能更关注自身受损利益的恢复和补偿。然而,我国的刑事诉讼制度对保障被害人权利方面的立法非常有限,在司法实践中被害人的权利往往得不到保护。应借鉴西方国家维护被害人求偿权的立法和实践,结合我国刑事立法和司法实际,主要从公诉案件被害人的权利救济切入,从立法上完善刑事被害人对犯罪追诉权的法律保护,在司法上完善执行阶段对刑事被害人权利的保护的相关措施。     

被害人的特征论

不论是在刑事实践中,还是在刑事理论中,人们都是将注意力集中在犯罪人的身上,总是在讨论犯罪人在生理、心理或其他方面的特征,来寻求犯罪人的犯罪动因,却往往忽视了另一个重要的当事人——被害人,忽视了被害人在“犯罪——被害”这一互动过程中所起的作用。针对这个问题,归纳出被害人的一些本质特征,而这些本质特征在一定程度上影响着甚至是左右着犯罪的发生。     

也谈赋予被害人上诉权

刑事诉讼中被害人上诉权问题一直是学界颇有争议的问题。然而,缺乏上诉权的被害人只能是“半截子”当事人。赋予被害人上诉权具有充分的理论和实践根据。     

Dealing with allelic dropout when reporting the evidential value in DNA relatedness analysis

A method is suggested that allows the use of loci that have shown allelic dropout in kinship analysis as used for disaster victim identification (DVI) and missing person work (MP). This approach uses an extension of a previously published approach to modelling allelic dropout. This method may salvage some information in cases where allelic dropout is hindering DVI or MP work particularly in reconciliations involving a large number of bodies and pedigrees. It should not replace the pursuit of more complete DNA profiles by the normal rework process for such samples.     

Computerized Dental Comparison: A Critical Review of Dental Coding and Ranking Algorithms Used in Victim Identification

Comparison of antemortem and postmortem dental records is a leading method of victim identification, especially for incidents involving a large number of decedents. This process may be expedited with computer software that provides a ranked list of best possible matches. This study provides a comparison of the most commonly used conventional coding and sorting algorithms used in the United States (WinID3) with a simplified coding format that utilizes an optimized sorting algorithm. The simplified system consists of seven basic codes and utilizes an optimized algorithm based largely on the percentage of matches. To perform this research, a large reference database of approximately 50,000 antemortem and postmortem records was created. For most disaster scenarios, the proposed simplified codes, paired with the optimized algorithm, performed better than WinID3 which uses more complex codes. The detailed coding system does show better performance with extremely large numbers of records and/or significant body fragmentation.     

构建和谐社会与建立犯罪被害人补偿制度

随着人权理论的不断发展,犯罪被害人权利的保护日益成为诉讼理论与实践中的热点问题。从目前法律规定和实践运作看,我国尽管赋于了被害人在刑事诉讼中当事人的地位,而且对犯罪被害人权利有一定保障,但还不够充分,还没有建立起国家补偿制度。因此,随着构建社会主义和谐社会的提出和我国综合国力的不断增强,借鉴外国立法及实践经验,建立适合中国国情的犯罪被害人补偿制度不仅是必要的,而且是可行的。     

电话网络诈骗案件中受害人研究

目的 在电话网络诈骗高发背景下开展对诈骗受害人心理等特征研究,深入了解此类犯罪,为此类犯罪的控制和预防策略制定提供依据。方法 采用案例回顾法对255例网络电信诈骗案件受害人特征进行研究和分析。结果 网络电信诈骗案件受害人中女性占51.6%,男性占48.4%,平均年龄29.75岁,学历分布在各个层次中。根据受害人表现的突出心理特征,分为“突陷困境后主动避难”类,占总数29%;“帮助他人”类案件,占总数23.1%;“期望好运气”类案件,占总数20.4%;“过渡信任网络交易安全”,占总数27.5%等。有40.4%的案件冒用警察等权威职业身份进行犯罪活动。研究证实受害人学历高低与信任和服从权威职业无统计学关系（F=4.627,P=0.201）。“期望好运气”受害人群有年龄差异,青年人更容易受骗。（F=32.4,P〈0.001）。结论 诈骗案件受害人特征与传统认识不同。受骗后存在急性应激心理、利他心理、服从权威、期望好运气等复杂的心理特征表现。     

Hospital Wet Mount Examination for the Presence of Sperm in Sexual Assault Cases is of Questionable Value

Many protocols for the examination of sexual assault victims include the preparation of vaginal wet mount slides to determine whether sperm are present and if so, whether the sperm are motile. We have reviewed findings in 501 case reports to compare the efficiency of sperm detection on wet mounts to subsequent crime laboratory results of sperm searches on vaginal swabs. Sperm were detected on wet mounts in only 41% of cases in which sperm were detected in the crime laboratory. Motile sperm were observed in only 12% of cases reporting a 0–9 h postcoital interval; in three cases, motile sperm were seen at 15 h and beyond, indicating that motile sperm are not reliable evidence of a short postcoital interval. These findings demonstrate that wet mount examinations are of little value in guiding subsequent analyses in the crime laboratory or in corroborating other investigative aspects of the case.