绑架犯罪被害人被害性分析与个体被害预防

从刑事被害人学的角度而言,绑架犯罪与被害人的主观性特征息息相关。只有减少被害人的被害易感性、被害诱发性、被害受容性,才能做到绑架犯罪个体被害的有效预防。     

深圳“5.8“空难事故的法医学鉴定

报道了1997年5月8日深圳黄田机场发生的重庆至深圳B－2928号客机降落时撞击地面起大爆炸,造成35人死亡和37人受伤的空难事故,对遇难者的死亡时间、损伤情况、死亡原因、事故原因和个人识别进行了分析,并对处理类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。     

Applying NIBRS Data to the Study of Intimate Partner Violence: Massachusetts as a Case Study

Using data from Massachusetts, we illustrate three ways in which National Incident-BasedReporting System (NIBRS) data can improve the collection of importantinformation on intimate partner violence. First, because NIBRS usesincident-based reporting, data are collected on all crimes associated witheach incident. In our sample of women victimized by an intimate partner, 10%had experienced more than one crime during the incident. Second, NIBRSinvolves expanded data collection on the offender–victim relationship, aswell as reporting about additional offenses. For female victims, partnerswere more likely than nonpartners to commit the crimes of simple assault,intimidation, and aggravated assault. For crimes involving male victims, anaquaintance was most likely to be the offender. Third, NIBRS data allow usto connect information about the incident, the offender(s), and thevictim(s). Our data indicted that several victim- offender-, and incident-relatedvariables were risk factors for injury, including victims ethnicity,offenders relationship to the victim, offender's use of a weapon, whether or not thecase was cleared, type of crime committed, and whether or not drugs and/or alcoholwere involved in the incident. Although there are several limitations to NIBRSdata, its potential usefulness to the study of intimate partner violence deserves furtherattention.     

试论刑事诉讼被害人的人权保障

随着国际人权保障思想的发展 ,刑事被害人问题在国际范围内已从理论研究阶段进入立法实施阶段。我国刑事诉讼制度对刑事被害人这一特定的社会弱势群体的关怀显得十分苍白 ,因而应根据被害人人权保障的国际标准 ,结合我国刑事立法现状 ,构建我国刑事诉讼被害人人权保障机制。在刑事诉讼的具体制度设计中 ,建立起被害人利益、被告人利益、国家和社会利益相协调均衡共存的新诉讼理念和制度。     

法律惩罚于被害人之价值

法律惩罚出现以来，被害人于其中大多时候都处于一种被忽视的地位。这不仅表现在惩罚概念本身、刑罚的起源，还表现在不同时期西方著名法学家对法律惩罚正当性的证成当中。造成这种现象的原因除了宪法保护的缺失、“国家追诉犯罪”的基本局面，还包括秘密审判、公开行刑的方式所带来的负面影响。法律惩罚对被害人价值何在？法律惩罚是对被害人的正义之举，是被害人报复情感合理宣泄的途径，是防止被害人走向犯罪的重要举措。     

被害人虚假陈述的刑事责任探析

在刑事诉讼中,被害人陈述是一种重要证据。它是追究犯罪的起点,也是认定犯罪嫌疑人、被告人罪与非罪的重要证据来源。但是在司法实践中,被害人由于种种原因,在司法机关向其收集证据时,作出了违背客观事实的虚假陈述,干扰了刑事诉讼的证明进程,妨碍了司法机关的正常活动,有些案件还产生了严重的后果,社会影响很坏。对于此种行为如何定性,无论在我国刑法理论界还是司法实践,亟待达成共识。     

论被害预防的不足及对策

被害预防是从被害人角度研究防止犯罪的自我防范举措,是根据犯罪诱发因素与制约因素的互动关系,调动社会各方面的力量,制订并实施的对策。实践中对被害人被害责任追究和被害人权益保障制度的缺乏使得被害预防并没有真正的发挥作用。建立被害人过错责任机制和犯罪被害补偿制度,并将被害人纳入法律援助体系之中将更有利于被害预防的开展。     

论侦查程序中刑事被害人的权利保护

刑事被害人是受到犯罪行为直接侵犯的人,提高对加强侦查程序中刑事被害人的权利保护的认识,完善刑事被害人的控告人、委托诉讼代理人等权利,可以保障刑事被害人的人权,维护社会稳定.     

Identification of incinerated root canal filling materials after exposure to high heat incineration

With the increase in global terrorism there is a higher probability of having to identify victims of incineration events secondary to incendiary explosive devices. The victims of incineration events challenge forensic odontologists when coronal restorations are no longer present to compile postmortem data. With 40 million root canals being completed annually in the United States, a very large pool of antemortem data is available to the forensic odontologist to make positive identifications. When complete and thorough dental records exist, individuals that have undergone surgical and nonsurgical root canal therapy may have materials present in the canal that may aid in identification. This study provides elemental fingerprints of root canal obturation materials to be utilized as a forensic identification aid. This study used scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to assess the elemental composition of materials before and after high temperature incineration. Sixteen endodontic materials were analyzed pre-incineration and placed in extracted teeth. The filled teeth were subjected to incineration at 900 degrees C for 30 min to simulate incineration events or cremation. Incinerated materials were radiographed and re-analyzed to determine if they retained their original elemental composition. Endodontic sealers, gutta percha, root-end filling materials, silver points, and separated files were distinguishable in the canal and traceable after incineration. The authors present a fingerprint of the endodontic obturation materials that are capable of withstanding high heat incineration to be used as an aid for postmortem identification. This work represents the initial stage of database generation for root canal filling materials for use as an aid in forensic identification.     

OFFENDER–VICTIM INTERACTION AND CRIME EVENT OUTCOMES: MODUS OPERANDI AND VICTIM EFFECTS ON THE RISK OF INTRUSIVE SEXUAL OFFENSES AGAINST CHILDREN*

Criminological research has shown the relevance of examining offender–victim interaction and related factors to understand crime event outcomes. In sexual offenses against children, an obvious lack of knowledge exists regarding this issue. From a criminological perspective, we seek to improve our understanding of the offender–victim interaction in sexual offenses against children and, in particular, what factors might increase the risk of a more intrusive offense. We argue that modus operandi strategies play a central role in crime event outcomes and examine this hypothesis with data obtained from a semistructured interview conducted with offenders. As expected, modus operandi was found to have a strong effect on crime event outcomes, especially victim participation during sexual episodes. Victim effects also emerged from the analyses. Specifically, a strong interaction effect between age and gender of the victim was found for victim participation, which suggests that as the victim gets older, offenders are more likely to make their victim participate in sexual episodes when abusing a male victim but are less likely to do so when abusing a female victim.