环境犯罪被害人的基本特征和被害预防责任的归属

环境犯罪被害是一类新型特殊的被害。与传统被害人比较它有自身特有特征:被害对象的特殊性和复杂性,被害原因行为价值判断的似是而非性,被害的间接性、累积性、不可逆性以及空间广延性,被害的国际间弱势转移性,等等。鉴于此,国家应承担首要的环境犯罪被害预防责任。就现代中国而言,国家预防责任的实现以宪法确立公民环境权为转折点。     

Long-Term Follow-Up of Young Children Placed in Foster Care: Subsequent Placements and Exposure to Family Violence

This study examined the quality or characteristics of permanent placements at 6 years of age for 254 children who had been removed from their homes prior to attaining 3.5 years of age (mean = 13 months). Although the primary objective when removing children is protection, subsequent permanent placements are prioritized by federal legislation with a stable family environment, especially one with the biological parent(s), being preferred. Three a priori comparisons (i.e., reunified vs. nonreunified, adopted vs. foster care, relative vs. nonrelative foster care) were conducted for caregiver and child reports of exposure to family violence. The results indicate that both reunified children and their parents report more family violence (witnessed and child victimization) than do nonreunified children and their caregivers. Adoptive parents did report that they used more minor violence in disciplining their children than did foster caregivers, but their children reported witnessing significantly less physical violence in the home. Recognizing that the development of children removed from their homes because of maltreatment is likely a function of both the maltreatment as well as the quality of subsequent family experiences (i.e., violence exposure), implications of the findings for determining placements are discussed.     

诚实信用原则走出历史困境分析

诚实信用原则作为我国民法的一项基本原则存在至今,无论在理论上还是实践中一度成为人们探讨的焦点,一方面是人们对于实现诚信后果的良好期待,同时也证明了实现诚信的艰难,特别是随着我国社会经济事业的日益发展,其作用发挥与价值内蕴发生巨大的尴尬背离,陷入一种困境之中.于是透过历史视城潜心思考,追根溯源,分析形成这种困境的原因,从而为中国当代法律的诚实信用原则寻路通衢便成为一种责任和必然.     

论刑事被害人理论体系

刑事被害人作为犯罪行为系统中的重要一极 ,是整个刑事法学所共同关注的理论课题。因此 ,刑事被害人理论是一个体系化的理论结构。刑事被害人理论的体系结构 ,应当以犯罪被害人学为前锋 ,以刑法学和刑事诉讼法学为主体 ,以刑事执行法学为补充。当前 ,我国的刑事被害人理论虽然有了一定的发展 ,但由于刑法学和刑事执行法学对刑事被害人缺乏应有的关注 ,我国的刑事被害人理论体系因此尚难以形成     

我国刑事认证模式的改革与完善

刑事认证模式的选择直接关系到庭审方式价值目标的实现和庭审功能的发挥.本文通过对不同庭审方式下认证模式的考察和分析,指出庭审方式的类型直接决定了认证模式的选择,进而提出在我国控辩式庭审方式下,应建立当庭认证和裁判认证并行的"双轨式"认证模式,并对建立这种认证模式的具体措施提出了构想.     

被害人权利保护与恢复性司法

以恢复性司法为制度进路,追求刑事被害人权利保护这一事关实质正义实现的法治目标。对犯罪人的制裁更多地涉及法律的一般性与普遍性,因此偏重于追求形式正义;对被害人权利的弥补、修复、保护更多地涉及生活中实际、具体的事件之合理性与被害人个别处遇,因此偏重于追求实质正义。在传统刑事司法制度中,被害人的权利长期遭受不应有的忽视,而在欧美获得蓬勃发展的恢复性司法制度则针对不同案件、不同犯罪人和被害人开展了形式多样的恢复性司法计划,为我国惩治犯罪人、保护被害人与实现个案中的实质正义提供了良好的理论资源与制度进路。     

The fear of reprisal and the failure of victims to report a personal crime

Most people who fail to report their victimizations to the police state either that the incident was not serious enough to warrant official attention or that nothing could be done. However, a small proportion of victims states that they did not report because of their fear of reprisal. Based on National Crime Panel victimization data, the offense and personal characteristics of these victims are contrasted with the total victim and nonreporting victim populations. Contrary to the general reasons for not reporting a crime, several personal and offense characteristics are related to reprisal. For instance, reprisal is more often a factor in personal victimizations where victims are female and acquainted with their offenders. The more dangerous the incident, the more often reprisal is the stated reason for not calling the police. The results of the analysis strongly suggest that in certain social environments the fear of reprisal is a major factor in the reporting of crime.     

论国家赔偿之精神损害赔偿

《国家赔偿法》开辟了国家救济的新途径,对国家行政机关违法行使权力设置了有效制约机制。本文对审判实践中涉及《国家赔偿法》的问题进行了探讨,并着重阐述了建立国家侵权精神损害赔偿制度的必要性、可行性,以及建立国家侵权精神损害赔偿制度的原则、范围及确认依据。     

社会管理创新的宪政思考

社会管理创新是在法治社会的视野内的社会创新。用宪政思维、创新精神去建设法治体制、更新法治观念、完善法律制度、确立法律规则,才能实现法治建设的历史使命。思考社会管理创新的法治思维与路径,提出公信力在公权机关解决纠纷机制中的价值问题,权威性在当前调解机制中的定位与价值问题。旨在指出社会管理活动的管与理之分离的现象,提出理是管之本、管是理之术,以理为重的服务才是社会管理创新的追求和目的;应当厘清社会管理创新中“管”和“理”的价值位阶。