Medical Findings and Legal Outcomes in Sexually Abused Children*

Abstract: A previous study published in 2000 on a small group of children concluded that the medical examination in cases of sexual child abuse seldom provided legal proof of sexual abuse [J Forensic Sci 45(2000):115–7]. The present consecutive study included children referred to the police for a forensic medical examination. A colposcope was used to evaluate the anogenital findings which were classified as normal, nonspecific, and abnormal. Four hundred and eighty‐two children were included. Abnormal anogenital findings were found in 38% of the girls and 20% of the boys, but there was no relation between abnormal anogenital findings and the two legal outcomes: “appearing in court” and “being convicted.” However, the age of the child turned out to be a more important factor in relation to legal outcome than the physical findings. The results of this study suggest that the child’s statement and not the physical findings were important for legal outcome.     

A View to the Future: A Novel Approach for 3D–3D Superimposition and Quantification of Differences for Identification from Next‐Generation Video Surveillance Systems

Techniques of 2D–3D superimposition are widely used in cases of personal identification from video surveillance systems. However, the progressive improvement of 3D image acquisition technology will enable operators to perform also 3D–3D facial superimposition. This study aims at analyzing the possible applications of 3D–3D superimposition to personal identification, although from a theoretical point of view. Twenty subjects underwent a facial 3D scan by stereophotogrammetry twice at different time periods. Scans were superimposed two by two according to nine landmarks, and root‐mean‐square (RMS) value of point‐to‐point distances was calculated. When the two superimposed models belonged to the same individual, RMS value was 2.10 mm, while it was 4.47 mm in mismatches with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001). This experiment shows the potential of 3D–3D superimposition: Further studies are needed to ascertain technical limits which may occur in practice and to improve methods useful in the forensic practice.     

录音录像下的审讯策略探析

《刑事诉讼法（修正案）》规定侦查机关在办理可能判处无期徒刑、死刑的案件时均须对讯问过程进行录音或者录像;侦查人员必须研究录音录像可能给侦查讯问工作带来的挑战,调整心态,合理地研究制订审讯策略。既要注重发挥录音录像的独特优势,也要注意避免法律明确禁止的违法取证手段。     

Technology-Mediated Exposure to Police–Citizen Encounters: A Quasi-Experimental Assessment of Consequences for Citizen Perceptions

Anecdotal evidence suggests that recent video-recorded police–citizen encounters have undermined police legitimacy and fueled civil unrest across the United States. Drawing from the process-based model of policing, social cognitive theory, and past research on media effects, we assess the influence of viewing cell phone videos of police–citizen encounters on perceptions of law enforcement. Using quasi-experimental methods and video footage of an actual police–citizen encounter captured on cell phones, the effects of viewing these videos are assessed using a series of repeated measure ANOVAs. Results indicate that viewing cell phone videos of police–citizen encounters significantly impacts perceptions of law enforcement, though little evidence of differing effects based on point-of-view, number of video exposures, or ordering of video exposures was found. The process-based model of policing should consider further incorporating the contributions of technology to provide a more holistic account of the factors influencing perceptions of police.     

体育赛事节目著作权保护探究

2020年《著作权法》第三次修改后,我国知识产权法学界并未停止对体育赛事直播画面作品属性问题的争论.体育赛事直播画面的作品属性认定问题会影响到体育赛事节目的保护模式和路径选择.虽然体育赛事本身不是著作权法意义上的作品,但这并不影响体育赛事直播画面的作品属性构成.2021年6月1日以后,对于符合作品构成要件的体育赛事节目可以认定为视听作品.对于不符合作品构成要件的体育赛事节目可以考虑用《著作权法》(2020)最新修订的广播组织权予以保护.至于反不正当竞争法对体育赛事节目的保护,是我国《著作权法》第三次修改之前的权宜之计,反不正当竞争扩展保护的限度应该是明确的,不能无限度将反不正当竞争法的扩展保护适用于所有的知识产权领域.     

体育赛事节目著作权保护探究

2020年《著作权法》第三次修改后,我国知识产权法学界并未停止对体育赛事直播画面作品属性问题的争论.体育赛事直播画面的作品属性认定问题会影响到体育赛事节目的保护模式和路径选择.虽然体育赛事本身不是著作权法意义上的作品,但这并不影响体育赛事直播画面的作品属性构成.2021年6月1日以后,对于符合作品构成要件的体育赛事节目可以认定为视听作品.对于不符合作品构成要件的体育赛事节目可以考虑用《著作权法》(2020)最新修订的广播组织权予以保护.至于反不正当竞争法对体育赛事节目的保护,是我国《著作权法》第三次修改之前的权宜之计,反不正当竞争扩展保护的限度应该是明确的,不能无限度将反不正当竞争法的扩展保护适用于所有的知识产权领域.     

音频视频世界中的MPEG家族

随着网络的发展和普及,网上多媒体信息通信日益增加,信息传输的质量和效率得到重视。MPEG家族的发展为信息传输提供了好的技术和标准。文章通过介绍MPEG家族的历史背景及应用,阐述了MPEG家族阶梯成长的重要意义。     

论MTV的法律属性

MTV是将音乐形式与电视画面形象相结合的一种综合艺术形式。它和电影作品使用相同的摄制方法和程序,使用相同表达方式,作为唱片公司及其旗下的作词者、作曲者、导演、歌手都投入了大量的创作性劳动,因此,MTV应当属于《中华人民共和国著作权法》中规定的"以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品,"而唱片公司应当具有类似电影作品中制品人的地位,只有这样才能有效行使著作权。     

对现场勘查见证人制度的反思

本文介绍了现场勘查见证人制度的立法初衷,阐明了该制度在实践运行中出现的问题。而后笔者结合我国的现实条件对该制度是否具备合理性、实用性、有效性进行了反思,并指该制度本质上存在着难以弥补的缺陷、运行中会遇到无法消除的障碍。最后,笔者在比较权衡了域外相关制度后,秉承破旧立新之精神,建议废除现场勘查中的见证人制度,并用证据监管链条程序和勘查同步录像与庭审播放制度取而代之。     

侦查讯问录音录像制度探析

侦查讯问录音录像作为一种现代刑事技术,不仅可以极大地减少刑讯逼供的发生,而且还能有效保障犯罪嫌疑人的权利,其作用已被我国司法界所认可。然而,在实践中我国司法界对其诉讼价值还未达成共识。本文通过对此问题的分析,进一步明确认识,以此推动我国侦查讯问录音录像制度的逐步完善。