法律的"概念"澄明——评H.L.A.哈特《法律的概念》

日常语言分析哲学家并新分析实证主义法学的创始人哈特,在《法律的概念》一书中,从语词用法的日常语言分析入手,通过法律"游戏"中第一性规则与第二性规则之结合作为关键的"法律"概念纵向语境把握,以及"主权者"、"命令"、"正义"、"道德"诸概念讨论之"法律"概念横向比较,成功地将法律"概念"的理解由对于某种具有确定客观属性的法律实体的认识转向了日常语言层面的澄明,开创了一个全新的日常语言分析法学流派.     

论视频监控中的问题及其法律规制

在现代警务中,视频监控系统对于社会秩序之维护、警察任务之完成有着积极的作用。但由于缺乏基本的法律授权和法律规范,视频监控系统对民众的宪法基本权有侵害之虞。故此,遵循警察补充性、正当法律程序、合目的性、安全保护等基本原则,并从设置主体、设置地点、设置实质标准、监控系统选择等方面强化视频监控的法律规制,才能真正发挥视频监控的应有作用。     

基于视频的车速鉴定方法

视频监控设备的广泛应用为各类案件的侦破及取证提供了重要线索。利用高质量视频图像进行近景摄影测量、运动物体识别及跟踪的方法和技术已经较为成熟,但利用广角、低像素的视频监控录像定量描述车辆行驶速度的技术研究尚未开展。针对交通事故技术鉴定的实际需求,根据速度的一般计算方法和计算机视觉的基本原理,提出可以应用目前广泛使用的公共视频监控设备所拍摄的录像进行车辆速度计算的方法。     

文检仪显现同种同色掩盖字迹条件的初探

目的研究运用文检仪显现同种同色掩盖字迹的显出条件。方法以黑色签字笔为例,依据不同型号笔的油墨在不同光源下的荧光性质和红外吸收能力的差异,利用文检仪进行分析检验。结果只有在一定条件下被掩盖字迹才能被显出。结论在LUMI=IR红外荧光（兰光）下,只能显现激发荧光的油墨掩盖不能激发荧光的油墨的字迹和激发荧光能力弱的油墨掩盖激发荧光能力强的油墨的字迹;在红外吸收光和365nm长波紫外表面光下,只能显现颜色浅的油墨掩盖颜色深的油墨的字迹。     

Efficient,Adaptable Simulations: A Case Study of a Climate Negotiation Game

Instructors may be reluctant to adopt simulations because of time, labor, or material constraints, or perceived incompatibility with large classes. In fact, simple games can cover multiple key concepts with minimal time and effort by the instructor. Simple games are also adaptable to other topics and classes, including large lectures. This article presents a simulation in which students negotiate a global greenhouse gas reduction agreement. Three scenarios model basic climate change mitigation, follow-on agreements for climate stabilization, and the surprise withdrawal of signatories after a domestic leadership turnover (e.g., the 2016 U.S. presidential election). The simulation teaches key concepts such as anarchy, collective action, preference divergence, and commitment problems. Concepts such as institutions, identity, and levels of analysis arise organically from game play. The exercise has extremely low cost and setup time. It can be run in 15 minutes or extended for a full class period. The game may also be repurposed to simulate other bargaining or collective action issues. This case study shows that simulations can be efficient and adaptable. Instructors can create their own simple games to enhance comprehension of key concepts.     

Is there a new institutional response to the crimes of Communism? National memory agencies in post-Communist countries: the Polish case (1998–2014), with references to East Germany

Post-Communist Europe has not chosen to imitate the Truth and Justice or Truth and Reconciliation Commissions set up on several other continents. The notion of reconciliation with the Communist regime is not of much interest to certain political parties, many of which are rooted in the protest against the compromises that were part of the negotiated revolutions. The model admired by post-Communist countries was the one conceived by the Germans. Almost all the countries founded specific institutions – institutes – for managing memory, with archives located in these institutes. Some have archives that date from before World War II to 1990; they handle both totalitarianisms. What is feared is that through the game of partisan appointments, these institutes will become little more than instruments in less than honest hands for use in political contests. This is especially likely given that the Polish Institute of National Memory (IPN) employees perform several functions: classification, prosecution, and evaluating individual applicants to certain administrative positions. The specialized literature usually explains the trials and tribulations of Poland’s IPN in terms of the personalities of its different directors and the period in which each occupied that post. In this paper, we have verified this hypothesis.     

案事件调查中视频证据的内容解析

案事件的调查中,常常需要专业人员出具书面的报告,对视频记载的事件过程进行描述和解释。实际案件中,视频内容的分析报告多采用时间顺序,以语言描述为主。本文提出视频内容解析的概念,综合运用图像处理、图像测量、现场实验等技术方法,对视频中人、车、物等状态及其相互关系进行定性和定量的分析。解析结果以文字与图表相结合的形式呈现,可以更清晰完整地表述视频中反映的事件过程,已在多起重特大案事件的现场视频分析中应用。对于持续时间较长、关键目标动作较复杂的案事件形成视频解析报告,有助于对事件过程的还原,提高了视频证据的证明能力。     

Splitting the Tactical Vote? Coordination Problems with Polling Model-Driven Tactical Voting Websites

The 2019 general election gave prominence to tactical voting advice websites, particularly those projecting constituency-level results using national polling data and sophisticated multi-level regression and poststratification (MRP) polling models. We see tactical voting as an example of a coordination game and argue that polling-model driven advice websites are disruptive to the existing focal points for strategic voting. Although such websites may well help identify the strongest candidate based on constituency demographics, the article argues they are unlikely to coalesce support behind that single candidate, a prerequisite for successful tactical voting. In practice, there are multiple competing models and websites as well as other key sources of information to voters. Furthermore, the heuristic of relying on tactical voting websites is vulnerable to strategic action by partisans. In short, it is argued that the emergence of these websites risks muddying the waters further for electors seeking to vote tactically, potentially splitting the tactical vote rather than unifying it.     

Referendums in the EU’s constitution building process

In ten member states of the European Union (EU) the new constitutional treaty was supposed to be ratified by referendum. A growing number of theoretical models predicts that such additional ratification hurdles result in an advantage for negotiators in the bargaining game. The impact such a referendum constraint can exert, however, depends on the timing of its announcement, the remaining ratification rules as well as the preference constellations. If parliament and voters are actually in favor of the new treaty, ratification constraints may cease to affect the bargaining outcome. After presenting the theoretical foundation of these arguments, we present empirical evidence much in line with the theoretical implications. More specifically, especially for the issues changed during the intergovernmental conference, those governments gained that had scheduled a referendum and voters had a stronger preference for the status quo.

关于公安院校网络视频发展的探讨

网络视频技术的快速发展为公安院校实施现代化教育提供了契机。网络视频的应用和实施是一个系统工程,如何建设、开发、应用网络视频教育资源,是摆在公安教育工作者面前的一项重要任务,这就要求公安院校教师必须以科学求实和适应发展需要的态度来落实网络视频技术和网络视频资源。