精神障碍者暴力犯罪的防治对策探析

近年来,由精神障碍者实施的暴力犯罪的数量持续上升,对社会的危害日趋严重。精神障碍者之所以实施暴力犯罪,主要是由于三方面的原因:自身的病理原因、法律规定的不完善以及社会因素的作用。与精神正常的行为人相比,精神障碍者实施的暴力犯罪在作案对象、作案的时间地点方式、犯罪后的表现和犯罪动机等方面有其特殊性。针对其原因和特点,笔者认为应该从维护其合法权益、完善立法和预防等方面做防治工作。     

论职务犯罪线索来源渠道的拓展——以几种侦查措施的利用为视角

职务犯罪线索发现难,是困扰职务犯罪侦查工作的一大难题。相比而言,公安机关在线索发现上则有一套行之有效的措施,笔者结合职务犯罪侦查工作实际,有的放矢的选取技术侦查、秘密搜查、控制阵地与控制赃物三项公安工作中常用的、前沿的侦查措施,试图破解职务犯罪线索来源的难题。     

渎职侵权犯罪因果关系问题实证研究

透过近年来反渎职侵权办案实践,渎职侵权犯罪案件因果关系呈现出渎职侵权行为直接导致渎职侵权犯罪本身结果的发生较少;渎职行为直接导致另一普通刑事犯罪案件的发生占有较大的比例;渎职侵权职务犯罪案件多因一果的现象比例较高：不作为及不认真履行职责导致渎职侵权职务犯罪危害后果发生情况的比例略高：考量危害结果中的经济损失都是认定为直接经济损失等特点当前司法实践中,由于存在因果关系理论不统一：对渎职侵权因果关系的法律规范缺失;渎职侵权行为责任分散和模糊;对渎侦办案人员实行通才管理体制等问题,严重影响了渎职侵权犯罪因果关系的依法正确认定。应当用传统刑法学因果关系理论作为认定渎职侵权犯罪因果关系的理论基础并立法规范化;引入和参照共同犯罪理论;多渠道加强办案人员的分类专业建设：上提一级该罪的立案侦查权等,以促进对渎职侵权犯罪因果关系的依法正确认定。     

“坦白从宽”之法理要义——以《刑法修正案(八)》为背景

坦白是中国刑事政策中的重要内容之一,是宽严相济刑事政策的重要表现。以《刑法修正案(八)》为背景,结合自首的基本原理及其司法解释对坦白予以分析。在认定坦白的过程中,应当从坦白的本质出发,对犯罪分子自身的认罪和悔罪以及为司法机关节省司法资源、提高办案效率等方面进行详细分析,在对行为是否构成坦白进行综合考察的同时,针对司法实践中适用坦白可能出现的若干问题进行研究。     

两岸跨境犯罪新情势、新问题分析

2010年的"1011"与"0810"项目,以及2011年的"0310"项目行动,让人们见识到跨境电话诈骗之猖獗。事实上,打击跨境犯罪的困境,体现在"跨境"的字义上。从犯罪人的角度而言,跨境犯罪的实施,便意味着增加了执法机关追诉的困难并降低了犯罪人被捕的风险。另外,在此信息社会下,两岸跨境犯罪呈现组织化、科技化、隐蔽化、严重化及被害普及化之新趋势,传统跨境治理体系已无法处理日益复杂化的全球跨境犯罪问题。如何避免全球治理缺口,即"管辖权的缺口"、"参与性的缺口"、"诱因性的缺口"及"功能性的缺口",成为当前防治跨境犯罪急需注意的课题。所以,未来两岸为了有效防治跨境犯罪,应以全球化治理的观点来检视两岸跨境犯罪问题,以强调"网络"、"互赖"及"规制"的特质(低政治、高功能),建立一个永续合作的发展模式,共创两岸人民双赢的局面。     

职务犯罪技术侦查法治程序构建

当前中国腐败现象较为严重,职务犯罪处于高发态势,犯罪手段不断升级,证据获取困难重重,这与检察机关缺乏有效的技术侦查措施有内在联系。可借鉴其他国家的合理做法,完善检察机关职务犯罪技术侦查权,并严格规定其适用范围、审批程序、执行程序和救济程序。相关程序的合理建构,有利于有效收集诉讼证据,落实刑事程序法治,顺应科技强检趋势,对接国际公约。     

犯罪均值频率——一种犯罪时间分布的测度指标

犯罪在时间分布方面有其特定规律,常规的犯罪总数或平均数等统计量存在不稳定性、偏差性和数据保密性等问题,不利于犯罪时间分布特征的客观对比分析。犯罪均值频率指标克服了传统时间分布统计量存在的问题,可以用来分析犯罪是否偏好发生于特定的时间内,满足了犯罪时间分布规律分析需求。运用该指标对某市5年内的入室盗窃犯罪在星期日别、月份上的时间分布规律进行了实证研究,结果表明,入室盗窃在该市3月份和9-12月份表现为高发期,而在周末则表现为犯罪低谷期。     

THE ECOLOGY OF GANG TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES*

Within any type of system, the actors in the system inevitably compete over resources. With competition comes the possibility of conflict. To minimize such effects, actors often will partition the system into geographic territories. It is against the larger ecological backdrop of competition and conflict that we examine territory formation among urban street gangs. Although previous studies have examined the social and built environment where gangs form, and how the presence of a gang influences local levels of violence, we know little about how competitive interactions are tied to the formation and maintenance of gang territories. We use formal spatial Lotka–Volterra competition models to derive hypotheses about competition‐driven territory formation. By using data on 563 between‐gang shootings, involving 13 rival street gangs in the Hollenbeck Policing Division of Los Angeles, we show that violence strongly clusters along the boundaries between gangs in a way that is quantitatively predicted by the theory. The results suggest that even weak competitive interactions between gangs are sufficient to drive gang territory formation without recourse to other processes or assumptions.     

Police Officers on Drug Corners in Philadelphia,Drug Crime,and Violent Crime: Intended,Diffusion, and Displacement Impacts

On May 1, 2002, the Philadelphia Police Department launched Operation Safe Streets, stationing officers at 214 of the highest drug activity locations in the city 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Interrupted time series (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) models on weekly data isolated citywide and local program impacts on all violent crimes, murder, and reported drug crimes. Results showed no significant impacts on citywide weekly counts for drug crimes, homicides, or all violent crimes. Geographically focused analyses showed significant localized intervention impacts for both violent and drug crimes. Analyses of high‐drug‐activity non‐intervention sites suggest: the program impacts seen were not an artifact of history or local history; significant spatial diffusion of preventive benefits for violent crime; and probably significant spatial displacement for drug crime. Stationary targeted drug‐enforcement interventions like Operation Safe Streets may differentially affect the locational selection processes behind violent crime versus drug crime.     

Gang Membership,Gun Carrying,and Employment: Applying Routine Activities Theory to Explain Violent Victimization Among Inner City,Minority Youth Living in Extreme Poverty∗

Conceptual inconsistencies in routine activities theory are illustrated by demonstrating how gang membership, gun carrying, and employment can be categorized as both risk and protective factors in a high‐poverty context. Two waves of longitudinal data from a high‐poverty sample of African American youth were used to examine the determinants of victimization risk. Bivariate analyses indicated that gang membership, gun carrying, and employment status are significant risk factors for violent victimization, but these effects were mediated by measures of lifestyles (e.g., demographic and family factors, deviant lifestyles) included as controls in the full multivariate model. In other words, the strong positive relationship between gang membership and gun carrying found in previous studies may be due to model misspecification and/or the lack of research on high‐poverty samples of inner city youth from the Deep South. Additional logistic regression analyses also indicate that the number of hours employed per week (but not employment status) is a risk factor for violent victimization. Finally, the theoretical implications of these findings for routine activities theory are discussed.