Sex discrimination potential of buccolingual and mesiodistal tooth dimensions

Abstract:  Tooth crown dimensions are reasonably accurate predictors of sex and are useful adjuncts in sex assessment. This study explores the utility of buccolingual (BL) and mesiodistal (MD) measurements in sex differentiation when used independently. BL and MD measurements of 28 teeth (third molars excluded) were obtained from a group of 53 Nepalese subjects (22 women and 31 men) aged 19–28 years. Stepwise discriminant analyses were undertaken separately for both types of tooth crown variables and their accuracy in sex classification compared with one another. MD dimensions had recognizably greater accuracy (77.4–83%) in sex identification than BL measurements (62.3–64.2%)—results that are consistent with previous reports. However, the accuracy of MD variables is not high enough to warrant their exclusive use in odontometric sex assessment—higher accuracy levels have been obtained when both types of dimensions were used concurrently, implying that BL variables contribute to sex assessment to some extent. Hence, it is inferred that optimal results in dental sex assessment are obtained when both MD and BL variables are used together.     

大鼠肌肉中微生物ATP含量及其在死亡时间推断中的应用

目的 研究死后大鼠肌肉组织中微生物ATP浓度变化及其与死亡时间(postmortem interval,PMI)的关系. 方法取健康SD大鼠处死,死后不同时间取肌肉组织,用生物发光法检测微生物ATP浓度,对所得数据进行统计学处理.结果 死后肌肉组织中微生物ATP含量随时间延长而增加,于7d达到高峰,随后逐渐降低,并于10d再次略微升高.PMI在0～9d内与肌肉中微生物ATP含量变化拟合最优.以PMI为自变量的三次多项式回归方程为:y=0.020x3-0.166x2-0.666x+13.412(r2=0.989,P<0.01).结论 死后肌肉组织中微生物ATP含量变化可用于PMI推测;本检测方法所需检材量小,不受组织自身降解的影响.     

Measuring the Tibia: Trotter’s Error Revisited

In Trotter and Gleser’s (Am J Phys Anthropol 1952;10:463) classic study of stature estimation, a definition of the tibia length measurement is given that agrees with the standard condylar-malleolar length. That Trotter did not in fact measure according to her definition, but rather omitted the malleolus, has been well documented by Jantz et al. (J Forensic Sci 1995;40:758). Both the Terry collection and the World War 2 (WW2) samples were affected, although questions remain about the latter that cannot be resolved directly because it is no longer available for examination. Trotter's data from hundreds of servicemen are especially important because the statures were measured by technicians, rather than based on cadaver lengths or forensic statures. The questions examined in this note are as follows: Was WW2 measured uniformly in the same way as Terry; are there differences between Terry and WW2 that could influence estimation of the adjustment; and is the 10 millimeter (mm) adjustment proposed by Jantz et al. (J Forensic Sci 1995;40:758) still appropriate. Our analysis relies on a measurement taken by Trotter that is clearly and uniquely defined, what she called “ordinary length”. This measurement was used to create expectations about how Trotter measured what she called maximum length of the tibia. Results provide no evidence that WW2 was measured any differently than Terry, with the exception of one small series. They also show slight morphological differences on the distal and/or proximal end of the tibia between Terry and WW2. Despite the slight difference, the adjustment to account for the malleolus is still valid.     

旅游商品的虚拟经营

旅游商品的虚拟经营是在组织形式上突破有形的界线,在有限的资源条件下取得竞争中的最大优势.实行虚拟经营,不仅能够令整合在任务中的企业充分发挥其自身能力,同时也为这些企业提供了参与更大范围生产经营活动的机会.虚拟经营有利于激活单靠自身资源难以独立地全方位参与市场竞争的企业的存量资产,有利于提高存量资产的利用率.     

论侵犯财产罪犯罪对象的演变及其发展——以网络虚拟财产为视角

网络虚拟财产在本质上是一种数字化信息,它既不是“有体物”,也不是“无体物”,而是一种“财产性利益”,是现实世界中人类劳动和财富的异化。我国刑法侵犯财产罪应严格区分“财物罪”与“利益罪”。研究侵犯网络虚拟财产的行为,对于我国侵犯财产罪犯罪对象的深入研究具有重要意义。     

对虚拟实验环境开发技术的探讨

虚拟现实技术作为新的教学媒体技术已经进入高校的教学。利用虚拟现实技术构建虚拟实验环境,可以大大增进教学效果。文章通过虚拟实验环境制作实例介绍的方式探讨了虚拟实验环境的开发技术。     

An evaluation of measurement uncertainty of trajectory angles using a 3D laser scanner

Measuring trajectory angles of bullet defects at a crime scene is an important part of crime scene investigation as these angles can be used for shooting incident reconstructions. The Washington State Patrol Crime Scene Response Team (WSP CSRT) had a desire to report and use measured trajectory angles. To report quantitative measurements, a statement of uncertainty for the measurement must also be reported due to an accreditation requirement through the ANSI National Accreditation Board (ANAB), through which the WSP CSRT is accredited. This evaluation examined the measurement uncertainty of the 3D laser scanning method that the WSP CSRT utilizes for measuring the vertical and azimuth angles from trajectory rods fitted to bullet defects. Three studies were performed which examined the variation of vertical and azimuth angle measurements from trajectory rods on flat surfaces, the variation of azimuth angle measurements from a trajectory rod on a curved surface, and a traceability study with known vertical and azimuth angle measurements. Seven common substrates were selected as target materials and were shot with 9 mm Luger and 0.45 Auto caliber bullets. A vehicle with one bullet defect was utilized for the curved surface study. The WSP's current fleet of Trimble X7 3D laser scanners, the WSP Criminal Investigation Division (CID) Detectives who operate these scanners, and the Forensic Scientists responsible for trajectory rod placement and angle measurements were utilized. An overall measurement uncertainty of +/− 2.6 degrees at an approximate 95% confidence interval was determined for all trajectory angles measured from trajectory rods.     

共性与个性:民事案件中网络虚拟财产分割的制度选择和价值追求

网络虚拟财产作为新兴财产,法律的滞后带来法律性质不明、价值难以评估等问题,导致司法实践中网络虚拟财产分割难度大。网络虚拟财产与其他财产是共性与个性、普通和特别的关系。网络虚拟财产分割可以适用普通财产的一般规则,但在确权制度和价值评估制度上要作个性化处理:虚拟动产以账号密码作为产生公示公信效果的方法;网络虚拟财产的定价主体可以为所有者、市场、专业机构评估,由法院综合各因素最终确定网络虚拟财产的价值。网络虚拟财产的分割要在私法自治的基础上,兼顾公平正义和物尽其用的价值。     

Human height estimation from highly distorted surveillance image

Video surveillance camera (VSC) is an important source of information during investigations especially if used as a tool for the extraction of verified and reliable forensic measurements. In this study, some aspects of human height extraction from VSC video frames are analyzed with the aim of identifying and mitigating error sources that can strongly affect the measurement. More specifically, those introduced by lens distortion are present in wide-field-of-view lens such as VSCs. A weak model, which is not able to properly describe and correct the lens distortion, could introduce systematic errors. This study focuses on the aspect of camera calibration to verify human height extraction by Amped FIVE software, which is adopted by the Forensic science laboratories of Carabinieri Force (RaCIS), Italy. A stable and reliable approach of camera calibration is needed since investigators have to deal with different cameras while inspecting the crime scene. The performance of the software in correcting distorted images is compared with a technique of single view self-calibration. Both approaches were applied to several frames acquired by a fish-eye camera and then measuring the height of five different people. Moreover, two actual cases, both characterized by common low-resolution and distorted images, were also analyzed. The height of four known persons was measured and used as reference value for validation. Results show no significant difference between the two calibration approaches working with fish-eye camera in test field, while evidence of differences was found in the measurement on the actual cases.     

加强我国网络虚拟社会有效管理的若干思考

经济社会的快速发展,为我国网络虚拟社会的不断成长提供了强劲动力,也给我国网络虚拟社会管理带来了新的、更多的问题。面对当前我国网络虚拟社会的违法活动有增无减、网络失范现象越来越严重、网络群体性事件多发、网络虚拟社会管理薄弱等一系列棘手问题,当务之急是切实加强对我国网络虚拟社会的有效管理。要按照加快社会建设与强化社会管理相结合、政府负责主导与社会协同参与相结合、网络技术管控与社会综合管治相结合的基本思路,不断提高我国网络虚拟社会管理的法治化水平,建立健全我国网络虚拟社会自律机制,加大对我国网络虚拟社会的高科技化管理力度,提高我国网络虚拟社会管理队伍的专业化水平,建立并完善我国的网络公共危机应急管理体制。