A taxonomy of collaborative governance: a guide to understanding the diversity of international and domestic conservation accords

Partially in response to the increasing complexity of governance structures in the international environmental arena, international scholars have adopted a distinction between “Type 1” and “Type 2” international agreements. The former refer to agreements between governments, whereas the latter refer to agreements between governments and nonstate actors. While useful, this distinction offers only a partial taxonomy of the diversity of collaborative governance, and fails to incorporate “Type 3” dynamics among nonstate actors. As an initial attempt at sorting out the wide array of collaborative governance structures both domestically and across international borders, we propose a 3 × 3 matrix based on two typologies, one institutional (governmental, collaborative, nonstate), the other geopolitical (domestic, transborder, interstate/transnational). The result is a classification system of nine types of both domestic and international governance. In addition to identifying fundamental differences among the myriad forms of governance, the matrix reveals how the “softening of sovereignty” occurs in practice.

The rise and fall of a policy: policy succession and the attempted termination of ecological corridors policy in the Netherlands

In policy analysis, studies on policy termination are rare. This article offers such a study. It presents the story of how, despite attempts by the government to terminate it, Dutch nature policy on ecological corridors continued to be implemented by regional governments and in the field. A case analysis is presented that integrates theories and insights not only from the termination literature but also from the literature on implementation. The different factors identified in the literature that enable or constrain implementation and termination have served as a basis for developing possible explanations of the case study. They cannot, however, serve as generic theories with predictive power. Policy termination as well as policy implementation are highly contextual processes and the question which factors will enable or constrain policy termination and implementation can only be answered on a case by case basis.

保护与开发桂林会仙湿地的思考

充分认识会仙湿地保护与开发的价值,客观分析会仙湿地保护与开发面临的问题,认真探索会仙湿地保护与开发可行的对策,成为研究解决桂林乃至广西“十二五”建设实践的具体课题之一。以科学发展观为指导,搞好会仙湿地的保护与开发,将有利于促进桂林国际旅游综合改革试验区以及桂林国际旅游新城、名城和世界旅游城的建设。     

对生态文明是“第四大文明”论的几点质疑——兼论生态文明与《环境保护法》的修订

生态文明建设是党的十八大报告中对社会主义社会建设的最新要求,也是新时期生态环境法治建设的航向标。然而有法学学者在研究生态文明的过程中,将生态文明描绘为非人类向往的,是人类无奈选择的,适应性的,非人类创造性的第四大文明。笔者认为该论是对生态文明根本的误读,不利于展开正确的法学研究,应当予以分析并澄清。     

论生物多样性保护的系统性法律规制

生物多样性的遗传资源多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性等层次性特征要求其法律规制体系应更具有整体性和协调性。同时,新时期背景下的生物多样性保护兼具自然资源保护、国家安全保障、经济发展促进等综合性目标,要求必须以总领性、宏观性的思路发展和完善法律规制体系。系统性法律规制因具有推动政治决策法律化、符合生物多样性层次性规制要求、实现公众利益和保障法律规制效率性优势而成为生物多样性保护的现实选择。生物多样性保护的系统性法律规制包括了规制依据、规制主体、规制手段和规制对象等要素,可以此为逻辑起点,对当前我国生物多样性保护法律规制的现实问题予以分析,并在此基础上提出完善我国生物多样性保护系统性法律规制的可行建议。     

Tourism and the politics of the global land grab in Tanzania: markets,appropriation and recognition

This paper examines how tourism as a form of land use and economic development is a critical site of struggle over the meaning of neoliberalism, landscape and land rights in northern Tanzania. I examine two tourism arrangements in Loliondo: joint ventures between expatriate-owned ecotourism companies and predominately Maasai villages; and the leasing of a hunting concession on village lands by the central government to a powerful foreign investor from the United Arab Emirates. Despite the fundamental role of foreign investors in appropriating resources and surplus value from regional landscapes in each of these cases, I argue that the Maasai in Loliondo see contemporary land grabbing as firmly situated in state claims to property and territory. The Maasai in Loliondo have come to think of the market, expressed through their direct relationships with ecotourism investors, as the most promising space to legitimize and secure land rights and access to resources. Loliondo, an area in northern Tanzania bordering the Serengeti National Park and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, has become one of the most important sites for tourism development in Tanzania. This region is home to the iconic Maasai people, who practice pastoralism and are part of what attracts tourists to Tanzania. These Maasai face increased pressure to assert their local vision of a landscape and their ability to commoditize it. I situate current land struggles within the political economy of tourism in Loliondo and show how different articulations of market–state–community become both materially and symbolically meaningful. Ultimately, I argue that the Maasai retain faith in market-based relationships in spite of increasingly limited room to maneuver.