Constructing STR Multiplexes for Individual Identification of Hungarian Red Deer

Red deer is the most valuable game of the fauna in Hungary, and there is a strong need for genetic identification of individuals. For this purpose, 10 tetranucleotide STR markers were developed and amplified in two 5‐plex systems. The study presented here includes the flanking region sequence analysis and the allele nomenclature of the 10 loci as well as the PCR optimization of the DeerPlex I and II. LD pairwise tests and cross‐species similarity analyses showed the 10 loci to be independently inherited. Considerable levels of genetic differences between two subpopulations were recorded, and F_ST was 0.034 using AMOVA. The average probability of identity (PI_ave) was at the value of 2.6736 × 10^?15. This low value for PI_ave nearly eliminates false identification. An illegal hunting case solved by DeerPlex is described herein. The calculated likelihood ratio (LR) illustrates the potential of the 10 red deer microsatellite markers for forensic investigations.     

论缺陷产品召回的法制化监控

建立缺陷产品召回制度不仅是保护消费者权益的需要,也是遵循国际惯例、增强企业竞争力、维护市场秩序和发挥政府管理职能之所需.缺陷产品召回应通过企业自我约束、客户信息资料跟踪、公正检测、社会公开、政府强制等相应的法制化加以监控.只有纳入法制化监控的缺陷产品召回才是理性的.     

产品市场对职业经理人的激励研究

在现代公司中,所有权与经营权的分离引出了委托--代理关系,由此所产生了职业经理人激励问题,单依靠公司内部产权的有效配置及与之相适应的激励机制的实施是不够的,还要依靠外部市场体系的充分竞争与激励.文中通过对一个产品市场激励模型的构建分析,得出了充分竞争的产品市场能够对职业经理人形成良好的激励机制.     

论合同法第一百二十二条在产品责任中的运用

产品质量责任经常会发生违约责任与侵权责任竞合,合同法第一百二十二条确立了“请求权竞合选择说”。在产品质量责任中,我们要严格界定违约责任与侵权责任的界限和它们发生的竞合,以便正确行使请求自由选择权。     

"产品"范围的比较分析

“产品”范围的界定关系着产品责任的最终承担,是产品责任法首先要解决的问题。英美法和大陆法各国对“产品”范围的立法界定均有差异,宽严不一。在我国,《中华人民共和国民法通则》关于产品责任规定中,没有就“产品”范围予以界定;而《中华人民共和国产品质量法》尽管规定了“产品”的范围,但其界定在语境、边界、内涵等诸方面都存在一定的问题,需要进一步地修正和明确。     

现代企业应注意树立新的产品质量观

现代企业要跳出仅就产品本身谈质量的封闭思路,从广义产品的概念出发,联系当今市场竞争的要求,探索以崭新的质量观为指导综合运用产品质量策略,以求提高企业市场竞争力。     

产品责任法原则论

原则问题是任何一个法律都不能回避的问题,不存在无原则的法律。产品责任法也有自己的原则,反映了该法的精神实质,而且已形成了原则体系———有作为法(产品责任法)的基本原则,还有作为责任(产品责任)的归责原则和赔偿原则,这些原则层次不同,作用有别,但紧密相联,认识并准确定位这些原则有助于对产品责任法律制度的深层次研究以及科学制定。     

我国低碳经济的发展路径与制度保障研究

低碳经济是世界经济发展的大趋势,号称第三次工业革命。如今世界各国都在积极探索低碳发展的道路。我国作为发展中国家在这次发展浪潮中既有优势也有劣势,只有扬长避短、积极改革才能激流勇进、顺流而上。本文简要论述了我国发展低碳经济的必要性与可行性,进而通过对低碳经济发展的有关要素进行分析阐述,根据我国国情,提出了对我国发展低碳经济的路径选择和制度保障的建议。     

Wildlife policy matters: inclusion and exclusion by means of organisational and discursive boundaries

As a result of shifting wildlife policy, approximately one-sixth of South Africa's total land has been ‘game-fenced’ and converted for wildlife-based production during the last three decades. The wildlife industry has thereby become a multibillion rand industry with an increasingly vocal political arena. Seeing nature and its production as an organised political project, this article sets out to give insight into the shifting power relations between wildlife utilisers, government officials and civil society in South Africa. It does so by examining the production of dominant narratives on wildlife in the emerging organisational field of wildlife policy. This article studies the Wildlife Forum, an important national discursive space in which government engages with non-governmental parties about wildlife policy. The article argues that by means of organisational and discursive restructuring, government and industry actors have promoted a discourse alliance that endorses both government's conservation interests and industry's development interests, while excluding dissenting voices.     

概率理论在分析证据证明力方面的运用

由于法官的自由心证存在缺陷以及案件中证据和事实的不确定性和人类认识能力的局限性,将概率论引入司法证明领域是必要的和可行的。相对于完全依靠法官的良心和理性对证据的证明力进行认定,运用概率的方法分析证据证明力的大小就显得更为客观、准确。