契约宪政初论

真正地实现宪政是每个国家的奋斗目标。然而我们究竟应该实现什么样的宪政呢?由于市场经济的发展,契约文化的不断深入等各方面的原因,契约宪政将是宪政发展的必然趋势。本文通过对契约宪政是宪政发展的必然趋势的分析,进而探讨契约宪政的契约属性,并结合实际对我国的契约宪政建设作进一步的思考。     

基于网格平台的微观交通仿真研究

随着交通复杂程度的不断增加,我警方将面临越来越多突发状况,交通仿真将是解决交通领域问题的重要途径。然而,由于交通仿真所需巨大的计算资源,传统PC机群、工作站机群、小型机等平台难于达到仿真要求。因此,本文提出一种网格环境下的微观仿真体系结构。这个网格仿真体系结构主要是在网格环境中采用Agent技术与HWRTI技术相结合的分布式微观交通仿真架构,使得仿真平台具有良好的可扩展性,灵活性,同时能够提供高性能计算资源来解决复杂交通问题。     

Forever North–South? The political challenges of reforming the UN development system

Member states of the United Nations (UN) agree that its development system needs substantial reform given its fragmentation and outdated structures, as well as new demands from the 2030 Agenda. Yet, a recent two-year reform process yielded no substantial reform decisions. Why did member states fail to endorse the necessary reforms despite almost unanimous recognition of the need for change? This paper describes member states’ conflicting positions on reforming the UN and analyses their failure to delegate authority to the UN development system. North and South, donors and recipients, are locked in a struggle for power and control, maximising bilateral influence at the expense of the benefits of multilateral cooperation. The paper contributes to the pool of UN studies, adding a decidedly political perspective of the reform process. It is based on diplomatic statements, negotiation drafts and interviews with UN diplomats.     

The determinants of fiscal transparency in Chinese city-level governments

ABSTRACT

The transparency of the fiscal performance of governments has attracted attention from researchers, policy-makers and practitioners around the world. This study examines the determinants of fiscal transparency in the city-level governments of China, which has become a key issue in the drive to modernise the Chinese state. Employing cross-sectional data from the 2017 Statistical Yearbooks published by the official statistical institutions and the 2017 Fiscal transparency report of city-level governments edited by the Tsinghua University, this study finds that economic development, economic openness, and dependence on transfer payments are associated with weaker fiscal transparency. Large cities, those with high levels of internet usage and cities higher up within the Chinese administrative hierarchy are associated with stronger fiscal transparency. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

An Analysis of Institutional and Political Factors Affecting State Capital Expenditure

Abstract

This article examines state government spending patterns for capital projects during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a function of some of the institutional arrangements and procedural characteristics of state legislatures. The analysis is informed by the literature on distributive policymaking, which argues that lawmakers seek to send targetable benefits, such as capital projects, to their constituencies in pursuit of personal electoral benefits. Using a pooled, cross‐sectional time‐series approach, the authors find that states with a large number of seats in the lower chambers of their legislatures devoted a somewhat smaller portion of their state budgets to capital projects than did states with smaller lower chambers, ceteris paribus. Contrary to some log‐rolling models, the number of appropriations bills employed by a legislature seems to discourage capital spending, as does membership turnover in the upper chamber. This indicates that the capital budgeting process is not nearly as dominated by the executive branch as is commonly believed.     

Is Political Marketing New Words or New Practice in UK Politics?

ABSTRACT

This review of the literature on political marketing and the party most associated with it in the UK, New Labour, suggests that the relationship is not straightforward. Politicians are, for example, hesitant to use marketing language in public. The relationship is problema-tised along the three dimensions of: partial or total import into some or all of politics; functional or instrumental use by leading politicians, and the roles of transformer of politics, or transfer agent for techniques. The results suggest two responses. The first is more fieldwork into political marketing outside of electoral campaigning and inside policy making. The second is a reconceptualising of the relationship away from the transformation or transfer dimension, and towards political marketing as a methodology for understanding a very different, and very separate activity, namely politics.     

智能Agent技术及其应用

Agent技术起源于人工智能 ,其采用模拟人的方式 ,以代理人身份完成用户交给的任务。目前该项技术已开始被应用于网络通信、商业决策、教育等诸多领域 ,并且展现出了极为光明的应用前景     

完善律师执业回避制度的思考

目前法律对律师执业回避的规定尚有不足之处 :关于禁止双方代理的规定没有审级上的限制 ;对法官、检察官从法院、检察院离任后改做律师的执业活动 ,地域限制过严 ,时间限制过短 ;与审判人员有亲属关系的律师回避范围过窄。建议律师法修正案或者全国律协在对《协会规范》进行修改时 ,保留原来法律规定中的合理部分 ,修改不足之处 ,增加新的规定 ,以完善我国律师执业回避制度。     

A Conceptual Framework for Modeling Automated Negotiations in Multiagent Systems

In fully automated e‐negotiation all involved parties are software agents, so negotiation takes place in a multiagent system between software agents that have been developed as a computer system for automating tasks in a specific application domain. A multiagent system is a group of agents that interact and cooperate with each other to fulfill their objectives or to improve their performance. How do these agents negotiate with each other to manage their task interdependencies? What negotiation mechanisms are needed? These are important questions. In this article, we present a conceptual framework for modeling and developing automated negotiation systems. This framework represents and specifies all the necessary concepts and entities for developing a negotiation system as well as the relationships among these concepts. This framework can also be used to model human negotiations scenarios for analyzing these types of negotiations and simulating them with multiagent systems. The work reported in this article is the first unified framework that represents all the needed elements for modeling and developing automated negotiation systems and existing relationships between them.     

股票期权制度的法律思考

经理人股票期权(简称ESO)是现代公司的激励机制之一。它的实质是企业所有者对经营者的一项长期薪酬奖励制度,通过这样一种制度安排,企业经营者的效用与企业股东的效用达到均衡状态,保证企业价值的持续增长。随着我国新《公司法》、《证券法》以及证监会《上市公司期权激励管理办法》的出台,我国股票期权制度的实践将走向一个新的阶段。但中国目前的法律和制度环境依然对经理人股票期权制度的推行和完善构成许多现实障碍。为此,必须进行相应的制度改革。