清末商标法律订立的肇始——中外续约谈判中最早涉及的商标保护条款

中国正式引入商标保护制度始于清末中英通商行船续订条约的谈判和规定。随后,清政府和英、美、日等国签订了一系列的通商行船续订条约,其中均规定了商标保护条款。尽管它们都是不平等条约,但是有关商标保护条款的订立,给中国人淡漠的商标保护意识以很大的冲击,为近代商标保护和管理、以及随后清末第一部商标法的颁布都起了推动作用。     

矛盾的统一体——美国的两大犯罪统计项目之比较

由美国司法部管理的全国两大犯罪统计项目——“统一犯罪报告”项目、“全国犯罪被害调查”项目已经成为政策决策部门、管理部门、犯罪学研究者乃至普通民众了解美国犯罪水平和趋势的最重要数据来源。两大项目分别从执法部门和犯罪被害人的角度收集美国犯罪问题的实证敷据资料，提供了许多富有实践价值和学术价值的成果。但是两者在项目目标、统计方法、对犯罪问题的覆盖程度等诸多方面有所差异，因而产生了似乎矛盾的结果。把“统一犯罪报告”项目、“全国犯罪被害调查”项目进行比较研究,研究结果表明这两个项目既有广泛联系、又存在重大区别,是一个矛盾的统一体。     

高速公路承建方骗取国家建设资金案件的侦查认定

实际工程量难以实地测量、原材料购进量难以穷尽、涉案财务账被销毁或隐匿、理论推算方法尚有争议等问题是侦办高速公路工程承建方虚报骗取国家建设资金案件的难点所在。本文结合侦查实务，按照“最小化原则”这一精神，围绕“如何最有效地查证实际工程量”这一主线，提出了解决问题的基本方法，阐明了侦查认定的基本思路，具有一定的实践指导意义。     

Crime and crime trends in different urban environments

This is a study of crime and crime trends in different urban environments in Stockholm. The study is in two major parts. First, on the basis of a study of the factorial social ecology of Stockholm in 1980, the city is grouped into major urban environments, and thereafter the criminality in these different urban environments is studied cross sectionally for 1982. Second, the trends in crime in the city of Stockholm and its different types of urban environments are studied over a 20-year period (1968–1987). The findings show significant differences between types of urban environments in rates of crimes, offenders and victims, crime structure, and crime and distance. Also, the trends in crime were significantly different between different types of urban environments.     

论我国犯罪预防体系的完善

为了完善转型时期犯罪预防体系，我国应当根据国情，借鉴世界各国的犯罪预防理论，建立自己的犯罪预防措施体系。当前需要采取四点犯罪预防措施：设立常设的犯罪预防管理机构；建立社区预防制度；强化家庭的作用，规范家长行为；树立司法机关服务意识，搞好警民关系。     

我国公务员激励机制人性假设之反思

中国历史上的封建官僚体制历来强调修身方能治国。新中国建立后,道德激励机制对政府官员的廉洁奉公行为曾产生过较大的影响,但随着计划经济向市场经济体制的转变,缺乏物质基础的道德激励渐显空乏无力。本文试图从传承已久的制度人性假设入手,对我国以道德人性假设为基石的公务员制度进行反思。     

Students' Fear After Columbine: Findings from a Randomized Experiment

On April 20, 1999, the most deadly act of school violence in the United States occurred at Columbine High School. Public perceptions and media accounts suggested that fear of victimization at school greatly increased after Columbine. The actual response is unknown. The 1999 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey provides a unique opportunity to study Columbine's effect on students' fear. Experimental conditions were approximated by the NCVS sampling design that randomly allocated the 12- to 18-year-old student-respondents to pre- and post-April 20 groups. Contrary to expectations, students were only slightly more fearful after Columbine. An initial explanation for this finding is explored. As little is known about fear following highly publicized incidents of extreme violence such as Columbine and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, this research provides an essential foundation for further study and theoretical development in this largely-ignored area of fear.     

The Social Ecology of Violent Victimization: Individual and Contextual Effects in the NCVS

Multi-level research has shown that individual and community factors are important predictors of the risk for violent victimization. However, previous analyses have drawn different conclusions about the role of any given factor. These differences likely are related to variations in how violence is measured and to the fact that the data are drawn from different locales. The research presented here uses the 1995 National Crime Victimization Survey and tract-level census data to examine (1) how the risk of violence is distributed across persons and places in the United States and (2) whether empirical findings are sensitive to the operationalization of violence. Results show that some individual-level predictors (e.g., gender and race) are sensitive to the operationalization of violence, whereas others (e.g., age and marital status) are not. In addition, the impact of community characteristics on violence depends on central-city residence. In central cities, persons most at risk are in disadvantaged tracts, with lower proportions of immigrants. Outside central cities, the proportion of immigrants in an area increases risk, while community disadvantage has no independent influence. The importance of an empirical foundation for the development of theories of risk is discussed.     

Understanding Date Rape Attitudes and Behaviors: Exploring the Influence of Race,Gender, and Prior Sexual Victimization

This exploratory investigation examines the influence of race, gender, and prior sexual victimization on attitudes and behaviors related to date rape from a large sample of college students (n = 3,084) in the United States. The results of this study indicate that gender was a salient factor, with males more likely to subscribe to undesirable attitudes toward date rape and to engage in behaviors that increase the risk of both men and women perpetrating date rape. Findings also indicate that racial differences exist in that black students were less likely to subscribe to undesirable attitudes and to engage in sexual behaviors that increase the risk of perpetrating date rape than were white students. Finally, the analyses found previous sexual victimization experiences unexpectedly increased undesirable attitudes toward and behaviors associated with date rape. Implications of the results are discussed.     

Child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church: a review of global perspectives

Child sexual abuse by Catholic priests is a global issue. Reports of abuse proliferated in the US in 2002, giving the appearance that it was an American phenomenon. However, by 2010, it was clear that abuse in the Catholic Church had affected countries around the world. Scholars in the US have published reports evaluating the nature, scope, and causes of the problem. Similarly, public inquiries and commissions have investigated the crises in other western and English-speaking countries, and research is ongoing. The reports have produced similar findings and recommendations for preventing abuse in the future, including better education and training about abuse; the need to respond quickly and thoroughly to victim–survivors; transparency in response to abuse; and coordinated responses with civil authorities.