A Review of Bomb Pulse Dating and its Use in the Investigation of Unidentified Human Remains

In cases where there is limited antemortem information, the examination of unidentified human remains as part of the investigation of long-term missing person's cases is a complex endeavor and consequently requires a multidisciplinary approach. Bomb pulse dating, which involves the analysis and interpretation of 14C concentration, is one technique that may assist in these investigations by providing an estimate of year of birth and year of death. This review examines the technique of bomb pulse dating and its use in the identification of differentially preserved unknown human remains. Research and case studies implementing bomb pulse dating have predominantly been undertaken in the Northern Hemisphere and have demonstrated reliable and accurate results. Limitations were, however, identified throughout the literature. These included the small sample sizes used in previous research/case studies which impacted on the statistical significance of the findings, as well as technique-specific issues. Such limitations highlight the need for future research.     

A Test of the Passalacqua Age at Death Estimation Method Using the Sacrum

A test of the accuracy of the Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) sacrum method in a forensic context was performed on a sample of 153 individuals from the J.C.B. Grant Skeletal Collection. The Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) method assesses seven traits of the sacrum using a 7‐digit coding system. An accuracy of 97.3% was achieved using the Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) method to estimate adult skeletal age. On average each age estimate differed by 12.87 years from the known age. The method underestimated the age of individuals by an average of 4.3 years. An intra‐observer error of 6.6% suggests that the method can be performed with precision. Correlation and regression analysis found that the sacral traits used in the Passalacqua (J Forensic Sci, 5, 2009, 255) method did not have a strong relationship with age or an ability to strongly predict age. Overall, the method was not practical for use in a forensic context due to the broad age ranges, despite the high accuracy and low intra‐observer error.     

纤维联接蛋白的析出与大鼠皮肤早期损伤的时间关系

采用免疫组化(PAP)方法,检测大鼠皮肤损伤区的FN,发现在生前创伤后15min,创壁FN即呈明确阳性;随着伤后经历时间的延长,创壁FN逐渐增多,并滑创壁呈条带状沉积;而在死后5min的创伤,创壁FN则呈阴性。本文为区别生前与死后皮肤创伤提出了一种新的方法。     

第三磨牙萌出情况调查研究

目的为满足应用牙齿萌出时间推测年龄的需要。方法采用帕尔曼牙位标志法记录,对1582名16-23岁学生进行调查。结果随着年龄的增加,4枚第三磨牙均末萌出的呈递减状态,而4枚均萌出的则呈递增状态。萌出1枚的为10.11%,萌出2枚的为13.27%,萌出3枚的为7.96%,萌出4枚为18.90%,4枚均未萌出的为49.75%。结论本组调查数据填补了有关资料的不足,为法医学推测年龄提供参考资料。     

运用牙齿影像学方法推断年龄的研究进展

本文对国内外文献在利用牙齿的影像学检查推断幼儿、青少年和成人年龄的方法、特点和优缺点进行了归纳和综述。     

小鼠皮肤切创细胞因子的基因表达变化及其与损伤时间关系

目的 观察细胞因子在小鼠皮肤切创组织不同时间的基因表达变化及其与损伤时间的关系。方法用免疫组织化学染色法和RT-PCR法,检测小鼠皮肤切创组织中不同时间的白细胞介素-1α和-1β(IL-1α、-1βB),以及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、吞噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α和-2(MIP-1α、-2)的基因表达变化。结果 皮肤切创后在早期可诱导IL-1α和IL-1β的基因表达,6h达第一次高峰,24h下降,第3d再次出现高峰后,第6d下降至正常水平;而MCP-1、MIP-1α和MIP-2则在损伤后6h左右开始出现,3d达高峰,然后呈下降趋势。在这些被检因子中,以IL-1α、IL-1β、MIP-1α和MIP-2的变化幅度较大,而MCP-1的变化相对较小。结论 切创组织中IL-1α、-1β和MCP-1,以及MIP-1α、-2的基因表达随伤后不同时间呈现一定规律性变化;同时对同一组织多种细胞因子检查推测损伤时间完全可行。     

脑干枪弹伤的电镜观察

目的 研究脑干枪弹伤的超微改变及其分子水平的致死机理。方法 用一例颅外损伤与2例头部枪伤作对比,于死亡后25min切取其脑干部组织块,相当于弹道处主要取自中脑被盖部与脑桥的被盖部和延脑的第四脑室底深部灰质部的组织,进行透射电镜及扫描电镜观察。结果 (1)脑内的枪弹伤病理改变包括烧灼伤、冲击和压力伤等。(2)枪弹伤虽在中脑而病理改变波及整个脑干。(3)损伤特点是神经轴突最广泛和损伤严重,神经胶质纤维次之,神经元受损又次之。(4)轴突烧灼伤表现髓鞘、轴浆及其内线粒体浓缩、变性,轴浆、轴索水肿;冲击、压力伤呈现轴突扭曲、变形、融合、挤压、缺损、破(断)裂及错位,轴浆内容外流或缺失,轴索内线粒体、神经微丝和微管偏向一侧位等。结论 脑干网状结构严重广泛性神经轴索损伤可能与致死有着最重要关系。     

论艰苦奋斗

艰苦奋斗的内涵包括精神和物质两个层面 ,消费的合理性、享受的现实性、工作的开拓性是艰苦奋斗的基本特征。新时期发扬艰苦奋斗精神对于弘扬民族优秀文化传统、建设四个现代化、保持党的先进性有重要现实意义。各级领导干部带头发扬艰苦奋斗精神 ,对全党全国人民加强艰苦奋斗精神的教育 ,在全社会形成弘扬艰苦奋斗精神的社会风气 ,是使这一伟大精神发扬光大 ,优良传统代代相传的有效措施。     

年龄推断的分子生物学研究进展

法医学中传统的年龄评估主要通过对骨骼、牙齿等组织的形态学检验进行推断,误差甚大,且无法对现场遗留的一些特殊的微量检材进行年龄评估。随着细胞生物学和分子生物学的发展,在细胞和分子水平发现了一些与年龄紧密相关的指标,并提出“分子年龄”这一新概念,为相关学科进行年龄评估提供了新的技术手段。     

未成年人刑事归责年龄探讨

未成年人犯罪的成因复杂且多样,仅通过降低刑事归责年龄并非妥善之策。我国现行未成年人刑事归责年龄存在诸多问题。解决未成年人犯罪问题,必须正视和及时修正相关法律规范,使之符合我国目前的社会实情。