Rib Variation at Multiple Locations and Implications for Histological Age Estimation*

Existing histological age estimation methods using the rib were developed mainly from the midshaft; however, in forensic practice, uncertainty of sampling location often arises due to fragmented or previously sampled ribs. The potential for error increases when sampling location is uncertain and utilizing a section beyond the midshaft (either anterior or posterior) may result in erroneous age estimates. Additionally, there is debate within the field regarding the minimum number of sections needed for accurate age estimation. The aim of this research is to determine the importance of the midshaft distinction for age-at-death assessment and the necessity of analyzing serial sections by evaluating histological variables at sampling locations along the length of the rib. Three seriated histological sections at three sampling locations (anterior, midshaft, and posterior) were obtained from sixth ribs of ten postmortem human subjects. Cortical area (Ct.Ar) and osteon population density (OPD) were collected from each section (n = 90). Significant differences were determined in Ct.Ar between sampling locations, demonstrating the variation present along the length of the rib. A comparison of OPD at sampling locations revealed significant differences, suggesting that sampling site is critical to accurate age estimates. When sampling location is uncertain, a more anterior section should be taken. Analysis of serial sections within locations revealed no significant differences in OPD or Ct.Ar, supporting the practice of collecting data from one section for age estimation. While an age estimate can be achieved through the analysis of one section, best practice suggests reading two sections to capture intraindividual variation.     

关于提高女性劳动者退休年龄的探讨

关于提高中国退休年龄问题,近来引发了社会各界的广泛关注。文章深入分析了广泛关注的几个因素:平均余命变化,世界的退休年龄变化趋势以及对于劳动力市场的影响,并进一步分析了当前制度规定下女性退休年龄偏低产生的低收益及退而不休现象及其影响。在此基础上,文章建议:中国应当提高女性退休年龄;结合劳动力人口变化趋势,采用小步渐进的方式进行调整。好处在于:在一定程度上解决女性退休后低收益问题,因而可以缓解退而不休现象;在一定程度上优化劳动力市场供给。     

Caveat: addressing public justification as an empirical phenomenon

ABSTRACT

Instead of a conclusion, this special issue ends with a discussion between Liah Greenfeld, on the one hand, and Uriel Abulof and Markus Kornprobst, on the other hand, about the merits of studying public justification and how best to do so. Greenfeld suggests that public justification is predicated on the autonomy of the political sphere, the importance ascribed to public views, and to the prevalence of justification. Seeing public justification as ultimately a cultural phenomenon, this caveat urges scholars to study it in only specific historical contexts, which are, for now, limited to predominantly ‘Western liberal democracies’.     

The Economic Leverage of International Organizations in Interstate Disputes

Addressing a long-standing debate in international relations scholarship, this study shows that international governmental organizations (IGOs) with high economic leverage over their member states, such as some development banks, substantially lower the risk that political disputes experience the use of military force. Empirical tests covering cases of disputatious claims and international crises since 1946 make use of a new classification of IGOs that have economic leverage and use it toward increasing states’ cost of using force in disputes. When pairs of states are subject to the economic leverage of IGOs, they are substantially less likely to use force. For the understanding and practice of interstate dispute resolution and international conflict more generally, the study suggests a specific linkage between institutionalized economic interdependence and conflict escalation.     

Bridging the enduring gender gap in political interest in Europe: The relevance of promoting gender equality

Notwithstanding the improvement in gender equality in political power and resources in European democracies, this study shows that, on average, declared interest in politics is 16 per cent lower for women than for men in Europe. This gap remains even after controlling for differences in men's and women's educational attainment, material and cognitive resources. Drawing on the newly developed European Institute for Gender Equality's (EIGE) Gender Equality Index (GEI) and on the European Social Survey (ESS) fifth wave, we show that promoting gender equality contributes towards narrowing the magnitude of the differences in political interest between men and women. However, this effect appears to be conditioned by the age of citizens. More specifically, findings show that in Europe gender‐friendly policies contribute to bridging the gender gap in political engagement only during adulthood, suggesting that childhood socialisation is more strongly affected by traditional family values than by policies promoting gender equality. In contrast, feminising social citizenship does make a difference by reducing the situational disadvantages traditionally faced by women within the family and in society for middle‐aged people and older.     

保险法合理期待原则研究

被保险人的期待应当是客观而合理的,客观指的是一个"理性外行人"所理解的内容,合理则考虑被保险人的实际期待、保险人的了解等因素。合理期待源于保险人对被保险人的误导及法官的授予,前者在实践中出现最多。其适用受到保险人充分告知、法律或行政法规规定的条款、个人对专业知识的了解等方面的限制。     

离婚诉讼中养老保险金的分割

夫妻均要求分割养老保险金在离婚诉讼中经常发生，对此不同法院依照法条不同意见也不一，分割方式各异：本文从养老保险金的概念和性质分析养老保险金兼有财产属性和个人专属性，应当依照退休年龄和缴费时间不同，情形的差异区别对待，可依照现有规定予以合理分割处理。     

论信息时代的学校网络教学

本文从信息时代对人才素质结构的要求以及网络、网络教学的特点出发,分析了学校开展网络教学的重要意义,分析了网络教学的开展给学校教学带来的新变化、新特点,最后提出了目前开展网络教学迫切需要关注的几个问题。     

枪弹创纤维蛋白形成能力的免疫组化研究

采用免疫组化PAP染色法，对57例人体枪弹创标本的纤维蛋白形成能力进行检测。结果发现，所有生前枪弹创均有纤维蛋白形成祖创缘邻近皮肤组织内毛细血管内皮细胞以及血管内充盈的红细胞膜上亦呈棕色阳性染色；死后30min内形成的枪弹创均有纤维蛋白形成；死后37min后形成的枪弹创无纤维蛋白形成，说明死后30min，纤维蛋白形成能力仍存在。作者认为，仅根据损伤局部有纤维蛋白形成即判断为生前伤是不恰当的，尚应结合损伤部位、损伤程度、损伤类型以及其它生活反应综合评定，不宜单凭纤维蛋白判断。     

霰弹弹杯所致损伤及其应用价值

本文17例制式霰弹猎枪射入口和创道的病理形态学，通过结合射击实验获得了较为一致的结果。初步认为，商品霰弹中的塑料弹杯所造成射入口创缘或创周损伤的形态变化与射击距离密切相关，在法医学鉴定中具有一定的应用价值。