Age Differences in Lineup Identification Accuracy: People Are Better with Their Own Age

Previous research has reported that young adults are better at eyewitness face recognition than are older adults. However, these studies have used young adults as culprits and fillers. We explore how the relative ages of the witness and the culprit influence eyewitness accuracy in 2 experiments. In the first experiment, young (18–25 years old) and older (35–55 years old) adults each saw 4 crime videos. In 2 the culprit was a young adult and in 2 the culprit was an older adult. Participants were more accurate at identifying the culprit when viewing culprit present lineups comprising people of their own age: an own age bias analogous to the own race bias. In the 2nd experiment, using a similar procedure, young (18–33 years old) and older (40–55 years old) adults viewed both culprit present and culprit absent lineups. The results of the first experiment were replicated for the culprit present lineups. However, no own age bias was found for the culprit absent lineups. Implications for police procedures dealing with cross-generation identifications are discussed.     

经济犯罪案件的初查

初查是侦办经济犯罪案件的重要环节,公安机关经侦部门必须重视并把握好初查工作,以保证准确立案。     

诉讼证明的客观标准与主观标准

本文认为 ,诉讼证明主观标准不能作为我国的诉讼证明标准 ,只有“事实清楚 ,证据确实充分”的客观证明标准是我国诉讼证明普遍适用的证明标准。     

Perceptions of Older Adult Eyewitnesses: Will You Believe Me When I'm 64?

Participant-witnesses (young adults/young seniors/older seniors) viewed one of two versions of a simulated videotaped crime (crime context either familiar to young or older adults). The witnesses were videotaped responding to direct and cross-examination questions about the video. The older seniors were significantly less accurate than the young adults and young seniors. Familiarity of the crime context did not affect testimony accuracy. However, the older seniors were more verbose when describing a familiar context. Participant-jurors viewed the testimony videotapes and evaluated the witnesses' credibility. All witnesses were regarded as equally credible in testifying and less accurate in response to cross-examination questioning.     

伪证的识别与证言真实性的评估

对于言词证据的真实性问题,传统的方法主要借助证人的外部行为表现或表情来识别.这种方法基于这样一个假设:说谎必然会有相应的生理表现.在侦查实践中存在"人"的识别与"仪器"的识别,即侦查人员的识别与借助专门测谎仪的识别.近年来有学者对这一假设提出了质疑,也有国家对测谎仪测谎的结果宣布无效,于是法庭科学研究者对这一假设进行了新的反思,在研究方法上也出现了新的转向.表现为,从伪证的识别走向证言真实性的评估.     

The power of presentation: How attire,cosmetics, and posture impact the source credibility of women expert witnesses

Gender stereotypes may negatively affect perceptions of women professionals' credibility, including forensic experts. This study investigated the impact of behavior-based and appearance-based factors on women expert witness's credibility. Jury-eligible adults were shown one of 16 conditions depicting a woman expert which varied based on combinations of three primary independent variables: (1) attire, (2) cosmetic use, and (3) posture. Expert attractiveness and participants' sexist attitudes served as covariates. Results revealed that women experts were seen as marginally more credible when wearing a skirt suit with a closed posture stance than when wearing a pant suit with a closed posture. Secondary analyses indicated expert attractiveness and participant sexist attitudes accounted for the most variability in credibility scores. Credibility of women expert witnesses may be impacted by irrelevant peripheral cues. Findings can inform discussions aimed at mitigating extraneous factors that inadvertently undermine the reception of women expert witness testimony.     

谈呈请拘留报告书的规范化制作

刑事拘留文书是公安机关常用的刑事法律文书,公安部对此有统一的规定和要求,但基层公安机关在实际操作中往往存在着一些问题,使刑事拘留文书的写作有失规范。为使刑事拘留文书更好地发挥其效用,应进行规范化制作。     

Predicting Institutional Violence among Death Row Inmates: The Utility of the Sorensen and Pilgrim Model

The (Sorensen and Pilgrim, An actuarial risk assessment of violence posed by capital murder defendants. J Crim Law Criminol 90:1251–1270, 2000) actuarial model was developed to predict institutional violence among life-sentenced murderers. However, despite its presentation at capital sentencing, the model has not been validated on death row inmates specifically. This study examined the association between Sorensen and Pilgrim model scores and five types of institutional violence (serious assaults, minor assaults, verbal assault/threats, prison order offenses, and non-violent infractions) among a sample of 155 individuals who had been incarcerated on death row in Texas. Results revealed that risk scores performed better for non-violent infractions than for serious assaults, calling into question the utility of this measure for capital sentencing evaluations.

Adults Usually Believe Young Children: The Influence of Eliciting Questions and Suggestibility Presentations on Perceptions of Children’s Disclosures

Do people realize the danger of asking misinformed children yes–no questions? Study 1 confirmed that disclosures children made during free recall in an earlier suggestibility study were more accurate than disclosures following “yes” responses to yes–no questions, which in turn were more accurate than disclosures following “no” responses. In Studies 2 and 3, college students watched interviews of children and judged the veracity of these three disclosure patterns. Participants generally believed false reports representing the first two patterns, although watching expert testimony that included a videotaped example of a false report reduced trust in prompted disclosures. Results document the need to inform forensic decision-makers about the circumstances associated with erroneous responses to yes–no questions.     

这种没有刑讯逼供的证明合法有效吗

审判实践中,有的被告人提出侦查人员在侦查讯问等庭前审判阶段有刑讯逼供行为。行使侦查权的部门往往出具自己开出的没有刑讯逼供的书面证明,法院也会予以采纳。笔者认为,侦查部门出具的这种没有刑讯逼供的书面证明不具有合法效力。应当从观念和具体措施上杜绝刑讯逼供行为的发生,切实保障嫌疑人和被告人的合法权利。