美国宪法成文形式的历史渊源

本文简要地阐述美国宪法成文形式产生的历史渊源 ,认为近代首部成文宪法的诞生是美国本土长期而渐进的立宪进程的产物 ,它的成文形式可以追溯到早期开启北美殖民进程的英国王室颁发的殖民特许状和殖民者之间签署的殖民地合约 ,同时也受殖民地时期立法实践和宗教传统等方面的影响。此外 ,美国各州在独立后采用成文宪法的实践 ,以及《邦联条例》的起草、通过等事件 ,都为美国成文宪法的最终形成提供了及时的宝贵经验     

"诱惑"的魅力与毒刺——从证据法角度浅析诱惑侦查

诱惑侦查作为一种实效性极强的侦查方式日益受到侦查实践部门的青睐。诱惑侦查带有一定程度的欺骗性,与刑事追诉中的基本价值追求相矛盾,备受争议。各国在放松对诱惑侦查禁止性规定的同时,又严格加以限制,力图充分利用这一可能严重侵害公民合法权益的侦查手段,平衡价值上的冲突。诱惑侦查所获证据之效力应坚持有限可采性,侦查人员实施的犯罪行为之刑事责任的证据应坚持有限豁免性。     

谈函与批复功能的区别

针对下级机关报送的《请示》的内容不同,可采取不同形式的答复。属于有关新情况、新问题请求指示和批准的,由上级机关的办公厅(室)用《函》(《复函》)答复;属于有关机构设置、行政区划等需要批准的,则由上级政府用《批复》给予答复。     

"相对合理"的卷宗中心主义改革

刑事案件卷宗 ,是刑事诉讼赖以运作的基石。但对卷宗过度信任、依赖的卷宗中心主义 ,则对案件事实发现与人权保障造成危害 ,须予以清除。有关改革举措 ,应以相对合理主义为指导 ,走渐进的改革之路。     

证人出庭作证问题研究

证人出庭作证是保证司法公正的基本措施。针对我国司法实践中普通存在的证人拒绝出庭作证的现象 ,有必要从转变司法观念 ,建立强制证人出庭作证制度 ,完善证人保护制度 ,贯彻直接言词原则 ,建立证人特权制度等方面 ,有效解决证人出庭作证的问题。     

论证言的形成过程与我国证人条件的重构

证言的形成过程经历感知、记忆和表达阶段 ,证人必须具备感知、记忆和表达能力。我国现行刑诉法规定的证人条件悖离了证言的形成过程 ,存在若干缺陷 ,因此主张对我国证人条件的法律规定进行重新设计     

论法医临床鉴定中被鉴定人的知情同意权

临床医学中的知情同意权是医学实践中由基本伦理上升为受法律保障的患者权利,通过告知同意书的契约形式表达。法医临床鉴定中的被鉴定人与医疗体系中的患者具有类似的法律地位,但尚无相应的法律法规赋予被鉴定人知情同意权。笔者建议法医临床学鉴定中可赋予被鉴定人一定的知情同意权,在与鉴定机构的契约化关系下,参与鉴定过程,知悉必要的鉴定信息,并对鉴定意见有选择性同意权,从而实现司法鉴定程序的公平、正义。     

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Evaluation of Suspect Testimony: Palynological Scanning

A rapid method for evaluating suspect testimony is valuable at any stage in an inquiry and can result in a change of direction in an investigation. Rape cases, in particular, can present problems where a defendant renders DNA analysis redundant by claiming that the claimant consented to have sexual relations. Forensic palynology is valuable in confirming or eliminating locations as being crime scenes, thus checking the testimony of both parties. In contrast to some forensic disciplines, forensic palynology can provide critical information without time-consuming full analysis. Two cases are described where the palynological assemblages from comparator samples of pertinent places were compared with those obtained from clothing of claimants and defendants. The results of rapid microscopical scanning of relevant preparations led to early confessions, thus obviating the need for costly analyses and protracted court proceedings. A third case demonstrates the unbiased nature of this technique where a man, although innocent of any offense, lied about having visited the crime scene for fear of prosecution. This highlights the need for sensitive policing in claims of rape.     

The Impact of Daubert on the Admissibility of Forensic Anthropology Expert Testimony

Forensic anthropologists anticipated a significant impact from the 1993 Supreme Court Daubert decision, which addressed the standard of admissibility for expert testimony. In response, many forensic articles cited Daubert in the search for objective techniques or a critique of established subjective methods. This study examines challenges to forensic anthropological expert testimony to evaluate whether Daubert has actually affected the admissibility of such testimony. Thirty cases were identified that addressed the admissibility of the testimony, including 14 cases prior to Daubert and 16 after Daubert. Examination of these cases indicates that post‐Daubert cases do not result in more exclusions. Yet, this lack of exclusions may instead be viewed as a manifestation of the field's overall surge toward more objective and quantifiable techniques in a self‐regulating response to Daubert.