Genotype profile for fifteen tetranucleotide repeat loci in two Tibeto-Burman speaking tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India

POPULATION: Two Tibeto-Burman-speaking Adi tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Adi Pasi ( n =121) from Upper Siang district, and Adi Minyong ( n =33) from East Siang district were analyzed for polymorphisms at 15 microsatellite loci. The populations belong to Mongoloid ethnicity and are of special significance in genetic studies due to their small population size, relative isolation in remote hilly areas, and traditional subsistence patterns.     

Formpflichtige Abtretung gemeinschaftlicher Schadenersatz- und/oder Gewährleistungsansprüche im WE?

Die Abtretung von aus M?ngeln allgemeiner Teile der WE-Liegenschaft herrührenden Schadenersatz- und/oder Gew?hrleistungsansprüchen im Rahmen eines entgeltlichen "Generalvergleichs" (hier: zwischen den Parteien eines Generalunternehmervertrags) an die Eigentümergemeinschaft/den einzelnen Wohnungseigentümer ist grunds?tzlich formfrei. Dem Gesch?digten kann nur dann eine Verletzung seiner Schadensminderungspflicht (hier: "bislang unterlassene Sanierung" der M?ngel) angelastet werden, wenn entsprechende Ma?nahmen im Einzelfall nach Treu und Glauben erwartet werden durften.     

Präklusion bei (unbedingtem) Staffelmietzins

Bei Vereinbarung eines für unterschiedliche Perioden von vornherein fest vereinbarten Mietzinses unterschiedlicher H?he ("unbedingter Staffelmietzins") beginnt die dreij?hrige Pr?klusivfrist des § 16 Abs 8 MRG auch hinsichtlich aller sp?ter wirksam werdenden Mietzinse mit dem Zeitpunkt der Mietzinsvereinbarung zu laufen.     

Allele frequency distribution based on 17 STR markers in three major Dravidian linguistic populations of Andhra Pradesh, India

Allele frequencies for 15 tetranucleotides and 2 pentanucleotides repeat loci were determined in 317 unrelated, healthy individuals of Andhra Pradesh, India, belonging to three pre-dominant endogamous populations namely, Kappu Naidu, Kamma Chaudhary and Kapu Reddy. Adherence to the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was confirmed for all loci with few exceptions, which were not significant after applying Bonferroni's correction. Statistical parameters of forensic interest; observed heterozygosity, probability of homozygosity, probability of extact test, power of discrimination, match probability, polymorphism information content, power of exclusion and mean paternity index were determined for all loci. The present study reveals that Penta E and D2S1338 are the most informative loci in all the studied populations. The combined power of discrimination was greater than 0.976, whereas the cumulative power of exclusion gave an expected value of 0.9999 for all the tested microsatellite loci. No difference was observed in the discriminatory power of 15 loci in studied populations on comparison with other populations of India. Population differentiation tests revealed significant differences between the studied and neighboring populations at several loci. Analyzed parameters indicate the utility and efficacy of the studied 17 STR systems as a powerful tool in forensic human identification, paternity testing and human population genetic studies.     

Effect of blood stained soils and time period on DNA and allele drop out using Promega 16 Powerplex kit

Blood stained soils may be of great interest in forensic incidents. Amplification of DNA from soil is often inhibited by co-purified contaminants. Different soils types from Pakistan and Turkey were stained with blood and samples were collected systematically after specified intervals. Rapid, inexpensive, large-scale DNA extraction method involving minimal purification was developed. DNA was quantized using Spectrophotometer and Fluorometer and was confirmed by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. DNA extracted from different soils in different periods showed a remarkable decrease in yield as well as degradation in every extraction. PCR amplification was performed using various DNA targets present in Promega 16 Powerplex^® System kit. Amplification could not carry out in all loci especially in degraded samples taken after 20 days. Allele n locus drop out was noticed which shows that DNA was degraded. For some loci more than 2 alleles were also noticed showing contamination while working with the blood stained soils.     

15 STR loci frequencies in the population from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil

Allele frequencies for 15 short tandem repeats (STR) loci were determined with a sample of 3000 unrelated individuals from the population of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. The loci are most commonly used in forensic and paternity testing, being analyzed by the Powerplex 16 (Promega) commercial kit. The data shows that most polymorphic loci were Penta E and FGA. The distributions of the genotypes in the evaluated loci are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Comparative analyses between our population data and other Brazilian populations are presented. The calculated forensic parameters showed that the loci are useful for the solution of forensic problems in Brazilian Southern region.     

Die Gemeinschaftsanlage

Seit 1982 erlangt die Frage, ob eine der gemeinsamen Benutzung dienende Anlage, wie eine zentrale W?rmeversorgungsanlage, ein Aufzug, eine mit Ger?ten ausgestattete Waschküche, eine Sauna, ein Schwimmbad aber auch eine technisch ausgestattete Garage denn doch keine Gemeinschaftsanlage sein kann, Bedeutung. Nur wenn es sich um eine Gemeinschaftsanlage handelt, hat der Liegenschaftseigentümer deren Erhaltungskosten zu tragen. Anderenfalls die Nutzer, wenn sie weiterhin nutzen wollen. Denn der Liegenschaftseigentümer kann zur Aufrechterhaltung des Betriebes, wenn es sich um keine Gemeinschaftsanlage handelt, seit 1982 gegen seinen Willen auch nicht verpflichtet werden. Ein Zinsminderungsanspruch bringt dem auf die Benutzung Angewiesenen wenig.     

基于16S rDNA测序技术探索白头翁汤灌肠对湿热型溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 采用不同剂量白头翁汤对比美沙拉嗪干预治疗湿热型溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）大鼠,观察肠道菌群是否参与了UC的发病过程及药物治疗前后肠道菌群的变化情况。方法 随机将62只SD健康雄性大鼠分为正常组,模型组,白头翁汤低、中、高剂量组和美沙拉嗪组,其中正常组12只,其余各组10只。采用三硝基苯磺酸/乙醇复合法复制UC大鼠模型。模型复制成功后,白头翁汤低、中、高剂量组分别以白头翁汤每日2.15、4.31、8.62 g/kg灌肠,美沙拉嗪组予以美沙拉嗪灌肠液每日0.35 g/kg灌肠,正常组和模型组予以生理盐水灌肠,连续给药14 d。治疗结束后观察各组大鼠一般情况和疾病活动指数,光镜下观察结肠病理变化,并收集大鼠结肠新鲜的粪便,提取粪便微生物DNA,测序及分析PCR扩增基因组DNA,采用Miseq平台测序。结果 ①与模型组相比,白头翁汤各剂量组和美沙拉嗪组体质量逐渐回升,便血及腹泻次数减少。②与模型组比较,白头翁汤各剂量组、美沙拉嗪组疾病活动指数评分明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。③模型组大鼠菌群丰度、多样性均降低,白头翁汤及美沙拉嗪治疗后菌群丰度及多样性均有提升。④模型组大鼠厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比值较正常组升高,白头翁汤和美沙拉嗪治疗后二者比值回调。⑤在菌群构成方面,UC大鼠较正常大鼠具有较低的普氏菌属、乳杆菌属生物丰度,白头翁汤和美沙拉嗪治疗后可回调普氏菌属、乳杆菌属益生菌丰度。结论 肠道菌群参与了UC的发病过程,白头翁汤和美沙拉嗪可能通过调节肠道益生菌而起到对于疾病的治疗作用。     

探索党的执政规律的指南

十六大报告为探索党的执政规律指明了方向,这突出表现在以下几个方面:把握党的历史方位,是探索党的执政规律的前提;认清党的执政依据,是探索党的执政规律的核心;改革党的执政方式,是探索党的执政规律的重点;加强党的执政能力建设,是探索党的执政规律要解决的新问题;明确党的执政任务,是探索党的执政规律的关键;完善党内民主,也是探索党的执政规律的题中应有之义。