H5和H7亚型禽流感病毒多重反转录聚合酶链反应快速检测及鉴别方法的建立

参考禽流感病毒(AIV)M基因和HA基因序列设计了3对引物,其中1对为针对不同HA亚型AIV的通用引物,另外2对为分别针对AIVH5和H7亚型的特异性引物。这些引物所扩增的cDNA片段大小分别为244、860和634bp。利用这3对引物,通过对多重RTPCR扩增条件的优化,成功建立了快速检测鉴别AIVH5、H7亚型的多重RTPCR技术。特异性和敏感性试验结果表明,该技术对AIVH5亚型同时扩增出2条大小分别为244bp和860bp的cDNA片段;对AIVH7亚型同时扩增出2条大小分别为244bp和634bp的cDNA片段;对AIVH5和H7亚型混合样品能同时扩增出3条大小分别为244、860和634bp的cDNA片段;对其他AIVHA亚型只扩增出1条244bp的cDNA片段;对其他常见禽病病原扩增均为阴性;该多重RTPCR对AIVRNA、AIVH5和AIVH7亚型RNA的最低检出量分别为10、100和100pg。     

论中国应该实行准结盟战略

准结盟战略是一种防御性外交战略,是在某种特殊情况下,在某些重大问题上与意见相同的国家达成共识而采取的一种临时性、阶段性的紧密合作措施.世纪之交,北约东扩、日美安保条约西扩、中美关系很不确定、国际力量对比严重失衡等为建立准结盟战略提供了条件.目前,中国应把发展与俄、印度、印尼等国家的关系放在建立准结盟战略的首位.     

西部开发与民族地区的人才培养

在西部开发中,民族地区要树立系统的人才开发观念,努力营造良好的人才成长社会环境,制定有效措施,大力发展民族教育。     

The Establishment of the Philosophy of Comedy in The Cherry Orchard

A. P. Chekhov, known as “the pioneer of modern drama in the 20th century”, is not only a famous Russian anovelist but also an outstanding dramatist. The Cherry Orchard is the author’s last play. In this paper, we made a detailed analysis of the text. First of all, the paper analyzes its “joy in grief” comedy philosophy from the so-called “sadness”. Secondly, the paper discusses the transformation from a real existence to the metaphorical process of “the cherry orchard” in combination with the author’s life. Finally, this paper analyzes the surface structure and deep structure of the play from two aspects of portraits of characters and scenes and reveals the way to establish the philosophy of comedy in this play.     

系列性案件侦查理论三：有限空间理论

有限空间理论是根据系列性案件的犯罪主体跨区域、大范围、跳跃式作案的特点,以案件自身的发展规律为依据,预测犯罪发生和可能发生的地点,进行预警和围追堵截,最终将犯罪人抓获归案的理论。有限空间理论是建立在信息源、同心圆理论的基础之上的,在系列性案件侦查中占有极为重要的地位。     

The delisting decision: The case of buyout offer with squeeze-out (BOSO)

In this paper, we exploit the specificity of going-private transactions that are initiated by the historic controlling shareholders (i.e. voluntary delistings). In Continental Europe, the majority of firms that become private do so following a buyout offer with squeeze-out (BOSO); using this mechanism, the controlling shareholder can cash out minorities and take the firm private. We argue that the decision to go private results from a cost–benefit analysis. Moreover, we pay particular attention to the consequences and the related costs of compliance resulting from the passage of the French Financial Security Law (FSL) in 2003. A quantitative study was performed using a unique dataset spanning 1997–2006. This data set consists of 140 French firms, of which 70 were voluntarily delisted via BOSO and 70 were industry-matched control firms. Univariate analysis and logistic regressions support the cost–benefit analysis: when listing benefits decrease because of weak liquidity and/or weak analyst coverage, it seems better for the firm to go private. Furthermore, the inherent characteristics of delisted firms (i.e. performance, leverage, and risk as measured by the beta factor) appear to be important driving factors of delisting. The passage of the FSL has strengthened the impact of these characteristics on the decision to go private. Mature firms that have weak performance and low specific risk and that are not financially constrained by debt will decide to go private because they cannot afford the listing status anymore. Finally, we show that the driving factors of delisting differ according to the identity of the controlling shareholder; specifically, the level of risk appears to be the strongest determinant for family firms, while non-family firms also consider their own financial structure.     

经济落后地区公共行政教育改革的对策选择

现阶段,经济落后地区公共行政教育的发展遇到许多制约因素。这些制约因素主要来自于我国行政管理体制改革的大环境,因为公共行政教育改革应与行政管理体制改革协同进行。本文从三个层面分析了经济落后地区公共行政教育改革存在的问题及其主要原因,在此基础上提出了经济落后地区公共行政教育改革的对策。     

‘Supportive Parenting’, Responsibility and Regulation: The Welfare Assessment under the Reformed Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990)

Section 13(5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 requires fertility clinics, before offering regulated treatment services, to take account of the welfare of any child who may be born as a result of the treatment and any other child affected by that birth. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study examining the impact on practice of the controversial reform of this section in 2008. While the broad values underpinning section 13(5) appear well embedded in clinic staff's engagement with ethical issues, there is little evidence that practice has been influenced by the 2008 amendments. A complex picture emerged regarding the implementation of section 13(5), particularly in its interaction with other factors, such as funding criteria and professional norms around counselling, implying a higher level of ongoing attention to likely parenting ability – particularly that of single women – than might be expected from a reading of the statute and guidance alone.     

Diversifying Nature Protection: Evaluating the Changing Tools for Forest Protection in Canada and Norway

Governments increasingly struggle to protect representative nature types and ecological diversity within their territories only via the instrument of publicly designated protected areas. This article examines the rise of voluntary conservation and certification (i.e., private conservation) as tools for forest protection in Norway and Canada. We contrast the differing potential of these private conservation tools with protection through government legislation and regulation using four evaluative criteria: the representativeness of protected areas, the strength of protection, the longevity of protection, and the information generated through protection. We find that private conservation tools can match the strength of legal protection and help to dispel conflict, but that private tools create protection that is more likely to be reversed in the future. However, we also show that voluntary private conservation can become public protection, which highlights the importance of examining different paths toward secure and long‐lasting protection.     

基于公平的包容性增长:科学内涵、约束条件及路径选择

经济增长虽然对减少贫困是必须的,但并非是充分的。基于动态的结构性经济变革的可持续和平等增长,对于实质性的削减贫困是必需的;它能更快地促进联合国千年发展目标的实现。作为动态的结构性的一种经济增长,包容性增长在我国应当受到重视。包容性增长与科学发展、和谐发展一脉相承。本文阐述了包容性增长的演进及科学内涵,结合中国实际情况对其实现的路径选择提出了建议。