The measurement of electoral competition,with application to Indian states

We investigate the measurement of three distinct, but related dimensions of electoral competition in a majoritarian electoral system: contestability in the struggle for governing power; competition among candidates at the constituency level; and competition among existing parties at the level of the legislature. At each step, the analysis is made concrete by calculating our preferred indexes of these dimensions of competitiveness for 14 major Indian states from 1972 to 2009 (and from 1952 in some cases), while comparing them to others that have been widely used, though not always calculated for Indian states. We also use our preferred indexes to study the importance of the level of development for an understanding of how competition has evolved across the states. The paper concludes by posing questions about the measurement of competitiveness, in general and in the Indian case, that arise in the course of our investigation.     

The Theory on Social Ideal in Eastern Zhou Dynasty

Chinese ancient social ideals theory first appeared in the Eastern Zhou dynasty. They show the longing for a better society of people suffering continuous war in the Warring States era.These doctrines include “Datong” visioned by Book, Benevolence pursued by Mencius, “A small Utopian society” longed by Lao-tse, “D's World” pursued by Zhuang zi, “One World” craved by Mr. Yuchi, “Catholic society” advocated in Lushi-chunqiu. “Sharing the world together and enjoying mutual benefit.” designed by Six Secret Teachings. These doctrines have one thing in common: the rulers of the ideal society are expected to have the public mind , people loving each other and members of the community achieving wealth sharing, so as to ensure the social well-being and harmony. They share similarities with western socialist doctrines laying emphasis on “selfless” and “communism”. Nowadays, the Chinese Dream can absorb many valuable and thoughtful resources from them.     

Uneven space of everyday modernity: the colonial logic of the suburb in Tanizaki Jun'ichiro's A Fool's Love

Tanizaki Jun'ichiro's A Fool's Love (1924–1925) has been widely studied as a representative text of the modern popular culture of the Taisho period. This article treats the work as a key text that reveals the colonial relations embedded in everyday modernity of Japan's interwar years, and examines the articulations of colonial relations in three registers of the text. It first investigates the protagonists' unrestrained embrace of cosmopolitan culture as a manifestation of Japan's ambiguous imperialist consciousness, shaped in the interstices between Western and Asian others. The second and third registers concern a particular kind of space dominant in the story: the modern suburb, which became a major symbol of Japan's modernity in the 1920s. In its subordinate relationship with the city, the suburb exemplifies colonial relations. The second register explored in the article is the overlap between the text's exoticism and suburban topography. A key scene on a resort beach is examined for its reference to Hawai'i and the setting's suburban nature in relation to Tokyo. The last register is the suppression of the story's suburban setting. The article analyzes the disappearance as a manifestation of the anxiety about the unevenness of capitalist development that the suburb represents.     

关于《中国国际货运代理协会标准交易条件》的法律问题思考

本文分析了《中国货运代理协会标准交易条件》对货运代理人作为“代理人”和“当事人”不同身份的界定,并针对如何扩大其适用范围做了阐述;此外还探讨了货运代理人在享有货物留置权的同时是否还享有单证留置权,以及有关的时效是否与中国《海商法》冲突和解决的途径。     

DNA甲基化检测方法及其法医学应用研究进展

DNA甲基化是表观遗传标记的重要组成部分,参与基因表达的调控,在生物发育、衰老以及肿瘤学等领域受到广泛关注。由于具有相对稳定性、可遗传、含量丰富、随龄变化等特点,在法医学领域,DNA甲基化可以作为DNA序列相关经典遗传标记的有效补充,用于年龄推断、组织体液来源检测、同卵双生子的鉴定等。DNA甲基化的检测方法主要有基于甲基化敏感限制性内切酶、重亚硫酸盐转化以及甲基化CpG结合蛋白等原理而建立的一系列方法,近年研究表明,第三代测序技术也可用于DNA甲基化检测。本文就DNA甲基化检测方法及在法医学领域的应用研究进行回顾与综述,以期为法医学实践提供参考。     

Microbiota Composition and Pulmonary Surfactant Protein Expression as Markers of Death by Drowning

Pathological diagnosis of drowning remains a challenge for forensic science, because of a lack of pathognomonic findings. We analyzed microbiota and surfactant protein in the lungs for a novel diagnosis of drowning. All rats were divided into drowning, postmortem submersion, and control groups. The water, lungs, closed organs (kidney and liver), and cardiac blood in rats were assayed by targeting 16S ribosomal RNA of Miseq sequencing. Lung samples were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for surfactant protein A. The closed organs and cardiac blood of drowned group have a lot of aquatic microbes, which have not been detected in postmortem submersion group. Furthermore, intra‐alveolar granular staining of surfactant protein A (SP‐A) was severely observed in the drowned group than the postmortem submersion and control groups. The findings suggested that the presence of aquatic microbiota in the closed organs and increased expression of SP‐A could be markers for a diagnosis of drowning.     

住宅搜查的程序正义：美国最高法院伦道夫案述评

以伦道夫案为契机,美国最高法院宣示了其在犯罪嫌疑人权利保护方面的最新立场,自由主义大法官完成了"第三人同意无证搜查住宅"法律体系的建构,认为如果犯罪嫌疑人当场拒绝警方进入其私人住宅,即使合法的第三人同意无证搜查,警方的侦查行为对于犯罪嫌疑人来说仍然是无效的、不合理的。但保守主义大法官提出了强有力的反对意见,认为犯罪嫌疑人与他人分享住宅的事实意味着该特定空间内的所有权益均可由任意一方处分,第三人同意警方搜查有罪证据是犯罪嫌疑人必须承担的风险。其刑事诉讼法律思想的合理内核可兹中国修改刑事诉讼法借鉴。我国刑事诉讼法应当规定,只要对住宅享有共同权利的第三人同意警方搜查犯罪嫌疑人的住宅,警方所获得的证据就能够对犯罪嫌疑人产生证据效力。     

全面小康——中华民族振兴的新亮点

用“小康”描述中国特色的现代化进程是邓小平的首创。党的十六大明确地提出了在21世纪头20年全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标。中国已经具备了建设全面小康社会的必要条件和能力。只要我们努力把握好机遇,踏实奋斗,就一定能实现全面小康社会的宏伟目标。     

当代儿童传递性推理模型研究的新进展

20世纪90年代中期以来儿童传递性推理研究取得了新的进展,特别对引起人们关注的、解释儿童传递性推理机制的心理模型,即枢纽项模型、最小模型和三成分系统模型进行了初步探讨.传递性推理的三成份系统模型展现了一个新视野.与传统观点不同,该理论从结构而不仅仅是从前提表征和建构顺序表征角度来探讨儿童传递性推理机制.其实质是从心理成分的角度来进行的研究,对成分的研究更有助于弄清楚传递性推理的机制问题.从枢纽项模型和最小模型到三成分系统模型代表了传递性推理机制研究发展的一个新方向.     

Sudden death in mitral valve prolapse: Associated accessory atrioventricular pathways

Sudden death in patients with mitral valve prolapse is a rare complication with a possible arrhythmic mechanism. We made a detailed postmortem examination of the conduction system in three patients with MVP who died suddenly. One patient who died in cardiac failure had a normal conduction system. The two other patients with no cardiac symptoms prior to death had both accessory atrioventricular pathways.These findings suggest a higher incidence than hitherto known of accessory bypass tracts in patients with MVP who die suddenly, and support the presumption of an arrhythmic cause of death.