人工智能对就业的影响 ：数量、结构与质量 ——基于北京市 97 家企业调查数据

近年来人工智能的技术突破引起了社会各界的广泛关注,同时对就业数量、就业结构和就业质量也产生了影响。通过对北京市97家企业的调查分析,研究得出以下结论：目前人工智能对就业的创造效应大于破坏效应,并且创造效应在应用型企业中体现得更为明显;人工智能使就业岗位、技能、人力资本结构得到优化调整,但对就业年龄结构的影响较小;人工智能在提高整体劳动报酬的同时也会造成工资两极分化的倾向,并因此提出了技能导向的技术培训新要求;目前人工智能正处于导入期,对就业数量、结构以及技能的影响初步显现,但影响还较小。     

Quantifying and Ranking Quality for Acquired Recordings on Digital Video Recorders

As the closed-circuit television (CCTV) security industry transitioned from analog media to digital video recorders (DVRs) with digital storage, the law enforcement community struggled with the means with which to collect the recordings. New guidelines needed to be established to determine the collection method which would be efficient as well as provide the best quality evidence from live DVRs. A test design was developed to measure, quantify, and rank the quality of acquisition methods used on live systems from DVRs typically used in digital CCTV systems. The purpose was to determine guidelines for acquiring the best quality video for investigative purposes. A test pattern which provided multiple quantifiable metrics for comparison between the methods of acquisition was used. The methods of acquisition included direct data download of the proprietary file and open file format as well as recording the video playback from the DVR via the available display monitor connections including the composite video, Video Graphics Array (VGA), and high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI). While some acquisition methods may provide the best quality evidence, other methods of acquisition are not to be discounted depending on the situation and need for efficiency. As an investigator that needs to retrieve video evidence from live digital CCTV systems, the proprietary file format, overall, provides the best quality evidence. However, depending on the circumstance and as recording technology continues to evolve, options other than the proprietary file format may provide quality that is equal to or greater than the proprietary file format.     

Development and Implementation of an Effective Blind Proficiency Testing Program

Blind proficiency testing is ideal for testing crime laboratory personnel because the elements of analyst bias and anticipation are removed. However, sending proficiency tests through the laboratory system as real casework is difficult. The substantial challenges with preparing and administering blind tests may prevent laboratory managers from initiating blind testing. In 2015, the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences committed to improving its crime laboratory’s proficiency testing program by adding blind tests. The goal was to test the whole system, from evidence receipt to report release. With careful planning, trial-and-error, and ongoing assessment of available resources, not only was the program proven to be feasible, but there was also clear understanding of how to optimize our program. In this article, we share our experiences, lessons learned, and program details to assist other forensic service providers with developing their own blind testing programs, which would ultimately lead to improved quality assurance.     

Latent Print Proficiency Testing: An Examination of Test Respondents,Test-Taking Procedures,and Test Characteristics

Proficiency testing is a key component of quality assurance programs within crime laboratories and can help improve laboratory practices. However, current proficiency testing procedures contain significant limitations and can be misinterpreted by examiners and court personnel (Garrett & Mitchell, 2018). To evaluate some of these limitations, we surveyed latent print examiners (n = 198) after they completed a Collaborative Testing Services, Inc. proficiency test. Additionally, we evaluated test performance and used a quality metric algorithm to evaluate the quality of test prints. Results do not suggest that respondents are dissimilar to the broader examiner population, although they may engage in different behaviors when completing tests versus casework. Findings show that proficiency testing contains prints of high quality and is perceived as both relatively easy and representative of casework. The test discriminated between inexperienced and experienced respondents, and verification procedures were largely ineffective in reducing errors. Objective quality metrics may provide a path forward to improving proficiency testing in a measurable manner.     

互联网普及程度对非正规就业的影响分析

研究基于 2002-2016 年的全国省级面板数据,使用固定效应模型检验了互联网普及程度对非正 规就业的影响,发现互联网普及程度对非正规就业比例有显著的负向影响,互联网的普及提高了社会整体的就 业质量。进一步使用滞后一期互联网普及程度作为工具变量,两阶归结果表明上述结论仍然成立。此外,为了 排除《劳动合同法》对研究结论的影响,本研究使用《劳动合同法》实施以前的样本进行检验,发现互联网普 及程度对非正规就业比例的负向影响仍然显著。     

Not so Fair after All? Perceptions of Procedural Fairness and Satisfaction with Democracy in the Nordic Welfare States

The Nordic countries are known for their well-functioning public administrations. In indices measuring control of corruption and the quality of the rule of law, they frequently occupy top positions. However, as we demonstrate in this article, a country's top position in comparative indices does not automatically imply that citizens view the state of affairs in the same way as depicted by experts. The observation is in no way trivial: Drawing on theories of procedural fairness, we go on to show—statistically, using individual level data—that widespread public perceptions about the unfairness of civil servants may have a negative effect on the legitimacy of the political system even in so-called high-trust and “least corrupt” settings such as the Nordic ones.     

Afterschool Youth Program Design and Structural Quality: Implications for Quality Improvement

This study examined quality and afterschool program designs with a focus on conditions of persistent low quality. Using an action science case study method, data from a quality-improvement project were examined to explore circumstances and reasons for low quality. Four identified program designs varied by emphasis on academics, school alignment, physical space, resources, and grouping strategies, as well as by the operationalization of youth choice. These program design features were found to be dynamically interrelated and key elements of structural quality yet were not found to be targets of state, funder, or agency quality improvement interventions guided by the current broad theory of change for quality initiatives. Structural quality, conceptualized as dynamic and interdependent, may be a prerequisite condition for self-directed quality improvement or a focus of targeted quality interventions.     

提升文化产业职工素质的途径探析

职工素质的提升,对于文化产业维护、展示、弘扬和创新文化内涵具有十分重要的意义。提升职工素质可以通过树立榜样形成示范力、弘扬道德凸显约束力、完善体制提升竞争力、维护权益构建原动力、举办活动打造凝聚力来激发职工的劳动热情和创造活力。     

提高民族素质是党代表先进生产力发展要求的第一要务

江泽民站在历史唯物主义高度 ,揭示了劳动者素质与先进生产力发展的辩证关系 ,提出了党在新的历史条件下推动生产力发展的首要任务。实现这一任务必须充分发挥和保护人民群众的积极性主动性创造性 ;把高度关注人民素质的提高作为发展先进生产力的基础性工程 ;把不断提高全体人民的思想道德素质和科学文化素质作为党代表先进生产力发展要求的第一要务。     

论高校体育教师自身素质再修养

体育教师是完成体育与健康课程的组织者和执行者,是增进素质教育。贯彻“健康第一”指导思想的关键。高校体育课程的改革,对高校体育教师提出新的和更高的要求。全面提高和更新高校体育教师的素质,既是高校加强教师队伍建设,提高人才培养质量的重要任务,也是高校体育教师自身适应新形势、新任务,履行教育教学职责的迫切要求。