Politics and Corporate‐Sector Environmentally Significant Actions: The Effects of Political Partisanship on U.S. Utilities Energy Efficiency Policies

This study assesses the direct, indirect, and total impacts of political partisanship on state‐level utilities' investment in energy efficiency. This subject is of utmost importance because energy efficiency improvement has become a linchpin in worldwide efforts to combat climate change and other environmental challenges. Analysis of data on 51 electric utilities nested within 31 U.S. states indicates that political partisanship influences utilities' energy efficiency policies. There is strong evidence that electric utilities in states dominated by the Republican Party are less likely to invest in energy efficiency than those in states governed by the Democratic Party. This finding suggests that political partisanship may be shaping the policy and regulatory frameworks put in place by state governments to incentivize or compel the participation of private‐sector entities' in environmental management and/or resource conservation.     

Forensic utility of the mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 of domestic dogs, in conjunction with breed and geographic information

The 608-bp hypervariable region 1 (HV1) sequences from 36 local dogs were analyzed to characterize the population genetic structure of canid mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Sixteen haplotypes were identified. A 417-bp segment of this sequence was compared with GenBank sequences from a geographically representative sample of 201 dogs, two coyotes, and two wolves. Sixty-six haplotypes were identified including 62 found only in domestic dogs. Fourteen of these correspond to the 16 local haplotypes and were among the most frequent haplotypes. The local sample was judged to be representative of the much broader geographic sample. No correlation was observed between local haplotypes and the owner's characterization of dog breed. A 60-bp variation "hotspot" within the canid HV1 was identified as a potentially valuable molecular tool, particularly for assaying limited or degraded DNA samples.     

Political accountability,fiscal conditions and local government performance—cross‐sectional evidence from Indonesia

Why are some local governments more successful than others in managing resources and delivering services? And even more vitally, how can malfunctioning governments be reformed so that they perform their responsibilities more effectively? This article contributes to our understanding of theses overarching questions by exploring the interactions between political institutions and public sector performance in the context of decentralisation and local governance. It shows–both theoretically and empirically–that performance outcomes are determined by the extent to which people can hold their governments accountable through political institutions. The basic hypothesis underlying this research is that political accountability, either by encouraging sanctions upon non‐compliant public agents or simply by reducing the informational gap regarding government activities, will create forceful incentives for elected officials and civil servants to reduce opportunistic behaviour and improve performance. Using a cross‐sectional regression the hypothesis is empirically tested against evidence from newly empowered local governments in Indonesia. The empirical findings broadly support our hypotheses. Improved public services on the ground, both in terms of quantity and quality, require informed and well functioning decision‐making processes that allocate resources to priority areas that meet the demand of the broader community. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国共产党人认识真理、改造世界的新成就——江泽民“七一”讲话提出的十大创新问题

江泽民“七·一”讲话是新时代的中国共产党宣言。它从概括党的历史经验、揭示“三个代表”重要思想、解放思想实事求是的科学内涵、研究和把握基本规律的新观念等十个方面阐述了我党在一系列重大理论和实践问题上形成的新认识。     

"2+1"教学培养模式的构建思考

公安高等教育是为各级公安机关输送合格人才的主渠道,而公安职业教育主要面向市县基层公安机关,培养公安一线应用性专门人才。公安职业教育人才培养模式的问题是新世纪公安教育迫切需要解决的问题,改革的基本思路应是对人才培养目标进行恰当的定位,实行公安职业教育,为公安机关培养一线高素质应用性人才。对此,公安职业教育培养模式必须重新构建准确定位,突出公安教育的职业性特色,课程设置和教学内容要突出应用性和实践性,实行"2 1"教学培养模式是必要的。     

电针激活Nrf2/HO-1通路抗帕金森病模型小鼠氧化应激的机制研究

目的 观察电针“风府”“太冲”“足三里”穴对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease, PD)模型小鼠大脑纹状体中酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH)、核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)水平的影响,探讨电针治疗PD的可能机制。方法 将30只小鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组、模型组和电针组,每组10只。模型组、电针组小鼠按照30 mg/kg腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP)制备PD小鼠模型。电针组小鼠给予“风府”“太冲”“足三里”穴电针干预,每日1次,每次30 min,连续干预12 d。其余两组小鼠不予任何干预。采用爬杆实验和悬挂实验观察3组小鼠行为学改变,旷场实验观察小鼠自主运动总路程,免疫组织化学法检测小鼠大脑纹状体中TH表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR法检测小鼠大脑纹状体中Nrf2、超氧...     

基于SIRT1/PGC-1α通路探讨电针联合丰富康复训练对脑缺血大鼠氧化应激的影响

目的探讨电针联合丰富康复训练对脑缺血大鼠急性期神经损伤的保护机制。方法随机选取15只SD大鼠为假手术组,另将模型复制成功的大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型大鼠60只随机分为模型组、电针组、丰富康复训练组(康复组)和电针联合丰富康复训练组(联合组),每组15只。假手术组和模型组不进行干预,电针组和联合组于“百会”“大椎”进行电针治疗;康复组和联合组予以丰富环境与康复训练,每次30 min,每日1次,连续治疗3 d。观察大鼠缺血侧皮质区脑血流量、组织形态学、阳性细胞率的动态变化,检测缺血侧皮质中丙二醛(malonic dialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量;RT-PCR检测沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3,Caspase-3)及半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-9,Caspase-9)mRNA的表达水平。结果分组因素对缺血侧皮质中MDA、SOD水平和SIRT1、PGC-1α、Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平的主效应均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠脑血流量,SOD水平,SIRT1、PGC-1α、Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05),阳性细胞率,MDA水平,Caspase-3、Caspase-9 mRNA表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,各治疗组SOD水平,SIRT1、PGC-1α、Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平显著上升(P<0.05),MDA水平和Caspase-3、Caspase-9 mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);联合组与电针组、康复组比较,上述各指标表达水平均有统计学意义(P<0.05);电针联合丰富康复训练对缺血侧皮质MDA、SOD水平和SIRT1、PGC-1αmRNA表达水平的影响具有交互作用(P<0.05),对Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平的影响无交互作用(P>0.05)。结论电针联合丰富康复训练可通过调控SIRT1/PGC-1α通路,提高抗氧化能力,改善神经细胞损伤,发挥神经保护作用。     

基于STAT-3/NF-κB/ICAM-1通路探讨丹皮酚缓解小鼠结肠炎相关性结直肠癌的作用机制

目的 从STAT-3/NF-κB/ICAM-1信号通路探讨丹皮酚缓解小鼠结肠"炎—癌转化"的机制.方法 构建结肠"炎—癌转化"小鼠模型,ELISA法检测小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(interl...     

参地颗粒对系膜增生性肾小球肾炎大鼠单个核细胞凋亡及炎症紊乱的干预作用

目的 观察参地颗粒作用于系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis,MsPGN)大鼠后,外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)的凋亡,B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白、Fas蛋白的表达,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)、转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)水平的变化,探讨其作用机制.方法 从60只SD大鼠中随机抽取10只作为正常组,剩余50只均用于MsPGN模型复制,模型制作成功后,再分为模型组(11只)、缬沙坦组(10只)、参地颗粒组(10只).各组大鼠在模型复制完成后第21天开始给药,缬沙坦组每日予缬沙坦溶液灌胃,参地颗粒组予参地颗粒溶液灌胃,模型组、正常组予生理盐水灌胃,连续干预12周.光学显微镜下观察各组大鼠病理损伤情况,实验室方法检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白(24-hour urinary protein,24hUPr)、PBMCs凋亡率、Bcl-2蛋白、Fas蛋白表达水平及血清MCP-1、TGF-β1水平.结果 治疗第8、12周参地颗粒组24hUPr水平较缬沙坦组显著降低(P<0.05).与正常组比较,模型组大鼠PBMCs凋亡率、血清MCP-1、TGF-β1水平升高(P<0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平下降,Fas蛋白表达水平上升(P<0.05);与模型组比较,缬沙坦组、参地颗粒组PBMCs凋亡率、MCP-1、TGF-β1水平均降低(P<0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平上升,Fas蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.05);参地颗粒组PBMCs凋亡率、血清TGF-β1水平低于缬沙坦组(P<0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平上升程度大于缬沙坦组(P<0.05).参地颗粒组MsPGN大鼠肾脏系膜细胞增生被明显抑制.结论 参地颗粒可以减轻肾脏炎症反应,消减尿蛋白,改善MsPGN大鼠的肾脏病理损害,其机制可能是通过调节凋亡调控蛋白Bcl-2、Fas蛋白表达水平,降低MsPGN大鼠PBMCs凋亡率,下调MCP-1、TGF-β1的表达水平实现的.     

盘龙七片调控SIRT1/NF- κB通路对骨关节炎软骨细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察盘龙七片对骨关节炎（osteoarthritis,OA）小鼠沉默信息转录调控因子（silent information regulator type 1,SIRT1）/核因子- κB（nuclear factor- kappa B,NF- κB）通路及软骨细胞凋亡的影响。方法 手术切除右膝关节内侧半月板和前交叉韧带复制小鼠OA模型。将小鼠分为正常对照组,模型组,阳性对照组,盘龙七片低、中、高剂量组。通过番红O- 快速绿染色观察膝关节结构变化,进行Mankin评分评估关节炎严重程度,流式细胞术检测软骨细胞凋亡指数,qRT- PCR检测Bax、Bcl- 2、Caspase- 3 mRNA表达水平,Western blot法检测软骨细胞 SIRT1、NF- κB蛋白表达水平。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠膝关节软骨细胞凋亡率增加,Bax、Caspase- 3 mRNA和NF- κB蛋白表达水平显著增加,Bcl- 2 mRNA和SIRT1蛋白表达水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,阳性对照组与盘龙七片低、中、高剂量组小鼠膝关节软骨细胞凋亡率显著降低,Bax、Caspase- 3 mRNA和NF- κB蛋白表达水平显著降低,Bcl- 2 mRNA和SIRT1蛋白表达水平显著增加,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,盘龙七片的作用呈明显的剂量依赖性。结论 盘龙七片可抑制OA小鼠膝关节软骨细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调节SIRT1/NF- κB信号通路相关。