The Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina and nation building by Muslims/Bosniaks in the Western Balkans

The disintegration of the former Yugoslavia posed challenges for the universal concept of the Yugoslav Muslim nation for which several development paths were imaginable under the new circumstances. The concept of Bosniakdom, which was initially developed to address the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina, gradually grew to become a new and coherent national program to include all the Muslims of former Yugoslavia, primarily due to its new pan-Bosniak orientation. The present article traces the conceptual history of the national ideas of Muslimdom versus Bosniakdom within the former Yugoslav states, as well as the conceptual and institutional history of the pan-Bosniak idea and movement during the 1990s and 2000s. It does this by emphasizing the decisive role the Official Muslim Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina played in their development and divulgence. This article claims that, contrary to some expectations, the strategy of internationalization and universalization of the hitherto territorial concept of Bosniakdom toward Muslims in neighboring countries during the second half of 1990s and 2000s was closely linked to the idea of the construction of the Bosniak national state. It also proposes that the evolution of Bosniakdom into pan-Bosniakdom during that time primarily followed concerns related to that goal.     

The age factor in language practices and attitudes: continuity and change in Ukraine's bilingualism

This article analyzes inter-cohort differences and intra-cohort changes in language proficiencies, use patterns and attitudes in a society undergoing a radical political and cultural transformation. My analysis focuses on Ukraine, a country with an asymmetrical bilingualism where the new independent state mildly promotes the titular language but the formerly dominant Russian maintains an active presence in most social domains and individual repertoires. While confirming earlier findings on the small scale of age differences, this study detects the end of the inter-cohort shift toward Russian. Another important finding is that the apparent continuity with a slow drift toward the titular language in Ukraine as a whole conceals two radically different developments in the two geographical “halves” of the country. The study demonstrates an advantage of combining a synchronic analysis of inter-cohort differences with a diachronic analysis of intra-cohort changes.     

白族“本主崇拜”的定位问题综论

有关白族本主崇拜或本主文化的宗教形态、社会-文化功能等方面的诸多讨论,其关键和焦点都是本主崇拜的定位问题.这个问题既牵涉到宗教学和民族学的理论,又跟民族意识和国家民族政策的实施密切相关,对它的几个重要侧面做深入的定性分析,具有重要的学术意义.     

重庆城市污水和垃圾处理市场化的研究

建设和运营一大批城市污水和垃圾处理场 ,是重庆市的紧迫任务和重大发展机遇。用传统的计划经济模式不可能解决这个问题 ,市场化是必由之路。文中提出了市场化的总体架构 ,具有很强的现实性和可操作性     

银黄消痘面膜联合一清胶囊治疗脾胃湿热型痤疮临床观察

目的 观察银黄消痘面膜联合一清胶囊治疗脾胃湿热型痤疮的疗效。方法 按就诊先后顺序,随机将79例Ⅱ~Ⅲ级脾胃湿热型痤疮患者分成2组。其中治疗组39例,采用银黄消痘面膜外敷联合一清胶囊内服;对照组40例,采用0.1%阿达帕林凝胶外涂联合盐酸多西环素胶囊口服。治疗4周评估疗效,并在疗程结束后8周回访复发情况。结果 两组治疗后皮损积分、中医证候积分均较治疗前显著下降（P<0.05）,治疗组皮损积分及中医证候积分降低程度明显大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组复发率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 银黄消痘面膜外敷联合一清胶囊治疗脾胃湿热型痤疮疗效较好,不良反应轻微,复发率低。     

闭合复位中空螺钉内固定结合中药内服治疗股骨颈骨折36例

目的 观察闭合复位中空螺钉内固定结合中药内服治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 将72例患者随机分为对照组、治疗组,每组各36例,两组均行中空加压螺钉内固定,治疗组依据辨证分期同时予中药内服,对照组常规预防处理。结果 治疗组总优良率显著优于对照组(94.44% vs 72.22%,P<0.05);两组术后1、3、6个月Harris评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 闭合复位中空螺钉内固定结合中药内服治疗股骨颈骨折临床疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

国防专利的特殊性研究——兼谈知识产权保护制度之创新

关于国防专利的特殊性主要围绕权利归属和保密性两个问题展开。在权利归属问题上,有观点认为国防专利的所有权主体只能是国家,这种观点是错误的,依据有关法条和法理基础,国防专利权归属是多元化的。在保密性问题上,确实存在着与一般专利的公开性之间的冲突,这也是采取国防专利这种特殊保护模式的根本原因所在。国防专利是专利制度的一个例外。整个知识产权保护制度也在不断发展和创新,国防专利保护对其他特殊类型的知识产权保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

站在对立面的思考——邓正来《中国法学向何处去》反思

邓正来所著<中国法学向何处去>集中批判了法学的现代化范式,但是现代化范式在中国目前具有其必然性与合理性.而邓正来在书中所体现出来的国别主义则无法对抗普遍主义.当然,学理的讨论还是应该在一定条件下继续推进.     

论罪犯心理矫治中感情势能的消解对策

罪犯感情势能的形成和积累,给罪犯带来各种各样的情感困扰,使罪犯产生心理问题,不仅对罪犯自身的服刑改造产生影响作用,而且对罪犯的身心健康也有着极大的影响作用。因此,防止罪犯感情势能在罪犯体内形成和积累,让罪犯学会及时宣泄自己的不良情绪,使心理恢复平衡,把握宣泄不良情绪、情感的方法,有效地、科学地把消极情感"零存整取"地排解出去,是保持罪犯身心健康的有效手段。     

人工智能时代背景下的国家安全治理：应用范式、风险识别与路径选择

作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的核心驱动力量,人工智能技术的发展与应用在为社会提供强大发展动力的同时,也对国家安全治理造成了一系列影响。实际上,人工智能技术与国家安全之间存在一种结构性互动的关系。一方面,人工智能技术能够基于进化赋能的实践应用,从传统安全、非传统安全以及两者间的重叠领域,为国家安全提供更为有效的维护和保障机制;另一方面,人工智能技术的应用也存在着超出预期设想的可能性。因此,人工智能在国家安全治理中的应用就极易在"界域与有效性""效能与可靠性"以及"竞争与稳定性"之间出现矛盾。尤其是在因人工智能技术嵌入所导致的力量失衡以及安全格局的转变下,国家安全就极有可能在国家竞争的稳定性、社会治理的有序性与技术应用的稳定性三方面遭受巨大的冲击。需要指出的是,目前人工智能技术所导致的国家安全风险已经逐步显现,而全面评估人工智能技术对国家安全治理带来的机遇与挑战将是解决这一技术安全悖论的关键所在。为此,中国应在紧抓人工智能技术发展契机的同时,更要加强对这一技术发展潜在风险的研判和预防,从而维护好中国的国家安全与人民利益。