宽严相济刑事政策价值新论

宽严相济刑事政策是我国当下的基本刑事政策,其多维度的指向隐含了多元价值。在和谐社会语境中,宽严相济刑事政策的价值定位应为宽严并用、宽优于严,而促进社会和谐就成为宽严相济刑事政策的基本价值追求。     

权力走廊里的角逐——下任联合国秘书长竞选态势评析

今年是联合国秘书长换届年。本文解释了《联合国宪章》联合国秘书长为何由联合国大会根据安理会的推荐任命而不是直接选举产生的政治背景,揭示了安理会特别是常任理事国在遴选秘书长过程中的决定性作用,指出了当前关于地区轮换原则的争论的实质。文章还介绍了近年来有关改革秘书长遴选规则和程序的各种意见和建议,最后分析了今年秘书长竞选的态势和前景,并预测亚洲的候选人将有较大可能取得胜利。     

民事特别权利能力限制性分析——以人格与权利能力的比较为展开

人格之有无是民事主体是否能成为主体的最本质规定性，是一种事实层面之判断。然而，权利能力是在主体享有人格之后能够享有何种权利，承担何种义务的一种能力或资格，是一种价值层面之判断。基于事实判断与价值判断二者的判然有别，将人格和权利能力的分离是有必要价值意义的。而一般民事权利能力是民事主体在法律上能够享有必不可少之权利和承担必不可少之义务之资格；特别民事权利能力是民事主体能够享有某种个别的或特定的权利义务的资格或能力。然此种特别的民事权利能力的要求相当于对主体权利能力的限制性规定，对此种特别民事权利能力的限制，其价值就在于更加充分的对市民社会生活中各方主体利益的维护和尊敬，并亦科学的明晰民事主体权利能力的内涵，为我国将来制定科学的民法典起基石作用。     

论德国宪法人格权——以一般行为自由为参照

宪法人格权与民法人格权构成德国人格权法的两大组成部分。德国宪法人格权以基本法2条1款为基础规范。基于对2条1款的不同解读,宪法人格权经历了人格核心或一般行为自由,一般人格权和一般行为自由,以及自由的平等权维度三个阶段的发展,并形成了无名基本权和有名基本权两大权利体系。     

Emotions and terrorism research: A case for a social-psychological agenda

Limited attention has been paid to the intersection of emotions and the etiology of terrorism. Instead, research priorities have tended to focus on the structural (e.g., poverty; weak and failing states), sociopolitical (e.g., U.S. foreign policy; a “clash of civilizations”), or codal (e.g., madrassas; Wahhabism). The aim here is to outline an agenda which transitions discourse related to the “body” of the terrorist (i.e., his/her historical and social positioning) to one focused on intrapsychic and interpersonal emotional processes. As such, scholarship's predictive and explanatory capacities will be heightened if it adopts a perspective grounded in the emotions of terrorists and their source communities, particularly for those phenomena that suggest a fluidity of movement of actors across a continuum of zealotry. Criminology and criminal justice are well suited to assess the expressive byproducts of humiliated fury, contempt, moral outrage, and disgust and how such emotions may distillate as impulses that form a basis for terror.     

The ICO and artificial intelligence: The role of fairness in the GDPR framework

The year 2017 has seen many EU and UK legislative initiatives and proposals to consider and address the impact of artificial intelligence on society, covering questions of liability, legal personality and other ethical and legal issues, including in the context of data processing. In March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office (UK) updated its big data guidance to address the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and to provide (GDPR), which will apply from 25 May 2018.This paper situates the ICO's guidance in the context of wider legal and ethical considerations and provides a critique of the position adopted by the ICO. On the ICO's analysis, the key challenge for artificial intelligence processing personal data is in establishing that such processing is fair. This shift reflects the potential for artificial intelligence to have negative social consequences (whether intended or unintended) that are not otherwise addressed by the GDPR. The question of ‘fairness’ is an important one, to address the imbalance between big data organisations and individual data subjects, with a number of ethical and social impacts that need to be evaluated.     

Enter the quagmire – the complicated relationship between data protection law and consumer protection law

This article examines the complex relationship between consumer protection law and data protection law, particularly within the EU's online environment, and highlights the problems that stem from this complexity. It suggests that, while there are significant similarities between their respective sources, tools and purposes, there are also arguable differences between consumer protection law and data protection law. One such arguable difference is found in that, while consumer protection law can be seen to merely set a floor in its pursuit of a sufficiently high level of consumer protection, data protection law – due to its clearly articulated dual purposes of (a) protecting individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and (b) providing for the free movement of such data – sets both a floor and a ceiling.Having discussed the relationship between consumer protection law and data protection law in more detail, the argument is made that it seems possible to conclude that the balance struck in the Data Protection Directive, and soon in the General Data Protection Regulation, places limitations on consumer protection law. The implications of this conclusion are then examined briefly in the context of some matters currently coming before the CJEU and the contours of a framework are presented, addressing situations where a data protection-based liability claim is pursued against a third-party non-controller under consumer protection law.     

Cross border data transfer: Complexity of adequate protection and its exceptions

The majority of the fear that exists about the cloud arises due to the lack of transparency in the cloud. Fears have persisted in relation to how the data are frequently transferred in a cloud for various purposes which includes storing and processing. This is because the level of protection differs between countries and cloud users who belong to countries which provide a high level of protection will be less in favour of transfers that reduce the protection that was originally accorded to their data. Hence, to avoid client dissatisfaction, the Data Protection Directive has stated that such transfers are generally prohibited unless the country that data is being transferred to is able to provide ‘appropriate safeguards’. This article will discuss the position of the Data Protection Directive and how the new General Data Protection Regulation differs from this Directive. This involves the discussion of the similarity as well as the differences of the Directive and Regulation. In summary, it appears that the major principles of the cross border transfer are retained in the new regulation. Furthermore, the article discusses the exceptions that are provided in the standard contractual clause and the reason behind the transition from Safe Harbor to the new US-EU Privacy Shield. This article subsequently embarks on the concept of Binding Corporate Rule which was introduced by the working party and how the new regulation has viewed this internal rule in terms of assisting cross border data transfer. All the issues that will be discussed in this article are relevant in the understanding of cross border data transfer.     

服务贸易总协定的主要法律制度分析

服务贸易总协定(GeneralAgreementinTrades,简称GATs)是历史上第一个关于服务贸易的全球性具有法律约束力的多边协议,是国际服务贸易逐步实现自由化的里程碑,它对于消除和降低贸易壁垒,消除服务贸易的垄断,推动国际服务贸易的发展具有十分重要的意义。然而它也只是一个谨慎的阶段性的妥协产物,仍有许多需要明确和完善之处。     

Priming the Parish Pump

Abstract

In this article we argue that the almost exclusive focus of political communications research on national political actors and agencies has led to an inadequate understanding of the functioning, the relevance, and the influence of local political communications strategies. This paper seeks to redress this neglect through exploring political marketing strategies of national political actors and agencies which have implications for local political communications; and political marketing strategies of local political actors and agencies and their implications for local political communications, with specific reference to the local newspaper coverage of the local campaign in the 2001 UK General Election. Drawing on a unique and extensive analysis of local newspapers' election reporting, combined with detailed interviews with journalists, editors, politicians and their agents, we argue that news management strategies enacted at a local level were characterised by an exchange relationship in which, although parties traded information for editorial space, the local news media retained a dominant role. Thus, although parties were, to differing degrees, successful in securing coverage of their candidates and policies, this success was always achieved in the context of local newspapers setting the broader agenda.